In　this　work,　a　new　and　effective　treatment　on　bamboo　fiber　(BF)　is　presented,　and　its　effect　on　the　interfacial　bonding　properties　of　the　BF/resin　matrix　was　studied.　The　interfacial　functionary　mechanism　of　rare　earth　solution　(RES)　modification　to　improve　the　interfacial　bonding　properties　between　BF　and　the　resin　matrix　was　analyzed.　The　hardness　and　elastic　modulus　of　the　interfacial　zone　between　BF　and　the　resin　matrix　were　measured　using　nanoindentation.　Fourier-transform　infrared　spectroscopy　(FT-IR)　was　used　to　analyze　the　change　in　the　surface　functional　group　of　BF　in　the　modification　process.　The　surface　chemical　composition　of　BF　before　and　after　the　modification　was　characterized　by　X-ray　photoelectron　spectroscopy　(XPS).　The　results　show　that　the　RES　modification　significantly　increases　the　hardness　and　elastic　modulus　of　BF　and　its　interfacial　zone　with　the　resin　matrix.　The　hydroxyl　concentration　on　the　surface　of　RES-treated　BF　decreases,　which　reduces　the　hydrophilicity　of　BF.　Rare　earth　ions　react　with　oxygen　in　the　hydroxyl　group　at　the　C2　position　in　the　glucosylic　ring　of　cellulose.　The　RES-modified　BF　bonds　with　the　resin　matrix　to　form　a　rare　earth　complex,　which　significantly　enhances　the　interfacial　adhesion　between　BF　and　the　resin　matrix.　©　2018　by　the　authors.