This　paper　examines　the　impact　of　population　and　energy　price　on　China＇s　environmental　pollution　through　both　industrial　and　residential　channels.　Our　theoretical　models　reveal　that　the　influences　of　population　on　environmental　pollution　are　contingent　on　wage　stickiness　and　wage　elasticity.　We　also　predict　that　environment　pollution　decreases　with　rising　energy　price,　but　downward　energy　price　distortion　intensifies　environmental　pollution.　We　test　these　hypotheses　using　panel　data　of　30　Chinese　provinces　from　2001　to　2016　and　employing　both　constant　coefficient　and　time-varying　coefficient　panel　data　models　to　conduct　analyses.　Our　empirical　results　show　that　population　growth,　increased　urbanization,　and　energy　price　distortion　all　intensify　environmental　pollution,　while　population　aging　and　rising　energy　price　tend　to　alleviate　environmental　pollution.　Our　results　also　reveal　significant　regional　and　time　heterogeneity　on　the　impact　of　population　factors　and　energy　price　on　China＇s　environmental　pollution.　©　2019　Elsevier　Ltd