Ozone　air　pollution　has　been　increasingly　severe　and　has　become　another　major　air　pollutant　in　Chinese　cities,　while　PM1　is　more　harmful　to　human　health　than　coarser　PMs.　However,　nationwide　studies　estimating　the　effects　of　ozone　and　PM1　are　quite　limited　in　China.　This　study　aims　to　assess　the　spatial　associations　between　ozone　(and　PM1)　and　the　incidence　rate　of　female　lung　cancer　in　436　Chinese　cancer　registries　(counties/districts).　The　effects　of　ozone　and　PM1　were　estimated,　respectively,　using　statistical　models　controlling　for　time,　location　and　socioeconomic　covariates.　Then,　three　sensitivity　analyses　including　the　adjustments　of　smoking　covariates　and　co-pollutant　(SO2)　and　the　estimates　of　ozone,　PM1　and　SO2　effects　in　the　same　model,　were　conducted　to　test　the　robustness　of　the　effects　of　the　two　air　pollutants.　Further　still,　we　investigated　the　modifying　role　of　urban-rural　division　on　the　effects　of　ozone　and　PM1.　According　to　the　results,　a　10　mu　g/m(3)　increase　in　ozone　and　PM1　was　associated　with　a　4.57%　(95%　CI:　4.32%,　16.16%)　and　4.89%　(95%　CI:　4.37%,　17.56%)　increase　in　the　incidence　rate　of　female　lung　cancer　relative　to　its　mean,　respectively.　Such　ozone　and　PM1　effects　were　still　significant　in　three　sensitivity　analyses.　Regarding　the　modifying　role　of　urban-rural　division,　the　effect　of　PM1　was　greater　by　2.98%　(95%　CI:　1.01%,　4.96%)　in　urban　than　in　rural　areas　when　PM1　changed　by　10　mu　g/m(3).　However,　there　was　no　modification　effect　of　urban-rural　division　for　ozone.　In　conclusion,　there　were　positive　associations　between　ozone　(and　PM1)　and　the　incidence　rate　of　female　lung　cancer　in　China.　Urban-rural　division　may　modify　the　effect　of　PM1　on　the　incidence　rate　of　female　lung　cancer,　which　is　seldom　reported.　Continuous　and　further　prevention　and　control　measures　should　be　developed　to　alleviate　the　situation　of　the　two　air　pollutants.