Two-dimensional　(2D)　carbon　materials　with　ultrathin　thickness,　large　lateral　size,　large　surface　area,　accessible　active　sites　and　unique　physical-chemical　properties　have　been　proven　to　be　attractive　electrode　materials　or　catalysts　for　high-efficient　energy　storage　and　conversion　materials.　However,　the　conventional　synthesis　method　for　2D　carbon　materials　heavily　depends　on　fossil-based　feedstocks　and　goes　through　harsh　conditions　(e.g.,　chemical　vapor　deposition),　which　are　unsustainable　and　costly.　Besides,　the　top-down　method　needs　to　use　massive　strong　acids/oxidants,　which　is　environmentally-unfriendly.　Therefore,　it　is　necessary　to　commit　to　seek　green,　sustainable　and　cost-effective　approach　for　the　synthesis　of　2D　carbon　materials.　As　of　now,　biomass　or　biological　molecules　as　carbon-rich　resources　have　been　viewed　as　a　promising　candidate　for　the　2D　carbon　material　preparation　owing　to　its　abundance,　renewability,　nontoxicity　and　low-cost.　Especially　for　nucleobases,　as　an　emerging　molecule　have　been　shown　great　advantages　for　the　construction　of　2D　materials　guided　by　its　multiple　hydrogen-bonding　interaction.　Recently,　our　group　have　proposed　a　rather　innovative　strategy　to　produce　2D　carbon　materials　by　carbonization　of　nucleobases　which　has　relatively　high　electrode　potentials.　These　nucleobases　can　form　planar　network　structure　through　hydrogen　bonding　interaction.　Such　hydrogenbonding　can　be　stable　at　relatively　high　temperature,　which　confines　C-C　or　C-N　polymerization　in　a　2D　plane.　As　a　result,　direct　carbonization　of　nucleobases　enables　the　formation　of　2D　carbon　with　highly　sp2-conjugated　and　feature　of　heteroatom　doping.　This　review　systematically　summarizes　the　recent　development　of　the　strategies　to　synthesize　2D　sustainable　carbon　materials　from　biomass　and　biological　molecules.　The　corresponding　electrochemical　applications　such　as　lithium　ion　batteries,　supercapacitors　and　fuel　cell　are　selectively　presented.　At　the　end,　the　summary　and　future　perspectives　in　this　important　field　are　provided　to　inspire　further　exploration.　(C)　2020　Science　Press　and　Dalian　Institute　of　Chemical　Physics,　Chinese　Academy　of　Sciences.　Published　by　ELSEVIER　B.V.　and　Science　Press.　All　rights　reserved.