Superhydrophobic　and　underwater　superoleophobic　surface　combine　the　superiorities　of　the　two　opposite　wettabilities.　Generally,　such　a　surface　is　constructed　by　hydrophilic　areas　and　hydrophobic　areas　treated　with　fluorine-containing　modifiers.　However,　the　surface　energy　in　a　narrow　range　and　poor　bonding　force　between　water-loving　and　water-repelling　components　make　the　surface　fragile　and　its　wettability　unstable.　Herein,　we　present　a　strategy　to　fabricate　a　robust　surface　with　superhydrophobicity　and　underwater　superoleophobicity.　Hydrophilic　aluminum　phosphate　as　a　binder　can　strongly　interact　with　superhydrophobic　titanium　dioxide　nanoparticles.　Mixing　the　two　ingredients　to　accurately　control　the　surface　energy　in　a　narrow　range　and　then　spray　coating,　the　superhydrophobic　and　underwater　superoleophobic　surfaces　are　conveniently　prepared　on　diverse　substrates.　Under　acid/base　aqueous　solution　conditions,　O2-plasma　etching,　and　sand　impingement,　the　coatings　remain　superhydrophobic　and　underwater　superoleophobic.　Taking　advantage　of　the　wettability　and　robustness　of　coatings,　the　as-prepared　membranes　realize　on-demand　and　multicycle　separation　under　gravity　without　continuous　external　stimulus.　Importantly,　even　after　100　sand　impingement　cycles,　the　treated　membranes　still　maintain　prominent　separation　performance.　©　The　Royal　Society　of　Chemistry.