Adipose　tissue-derived　mesenchymal　stem　cell　(ADSC)-based　therapy　is　attractive　for　liver　diseases,　but　the　long-term　therapeutic　outcome　is　still　far　from　satisfaction　due　to　the　low　hepatic　engraftment　efficiency　of　ADSC　transplantation.　Herein,　we　propose　a　strategy　based　on　liver　sinusoidal　endothelial　cell　(LSEC)-targeting　peptide　modification　and　near　infrared　(NIR)　fluorescent　probe　labeling　for　enhancing　LSEC-barrier-migration　ability　and　in　vivo　tracking　of　ADSCs　in　a　liver　injury　mouse　model.　RLTRKRGLK　(RK),　a　LSEC-targeted　peptide,　and　indocyanine　green　(ICG),　a　FDA　approved　infrared　fluorescent　dye,　were　simultaneously　modified　on　the　ADSC　surface　via　a　bioorthogonal　click　reaction.　The　equipped　ADSCs　not　only　exhibited　significant　binding　ability　towards　LSEC　both　in　vitro　and　in　vivo,　but　could　also　be　monitored　by　NIR　imaging　in　vivo.　In　particular,　the　RK-modified　ADSCs　showed　remarkable　higher　hepatic　accumulation　as　compared　to　unmodified　ADSCs,　resulting　in　better　therapeutic　outcomes.　Therefore,　this　study　provides　a　simple　and　convenient　method　for　enhancing　the　homing　of　transplanted　ADSCs　to　injured　liver　accompanying　with　in　vivo　cell　tracking　ability,　which　may　shed　light　on　accelerating　the　clinical　translation　of　the　ADSC-based　therapy　for　liver　diseases.　©　2021　The　Royal　Society　of　Chemistry.