This　study　examined　the　mediating　effect　of　moral　obligation　and　moderating　effect　of　social　value　orientation　on　the　relationship　between　empathy　and　fairness　behavior　in　Chinese　teachers.　Seven　hundred　and　twenty-six　Chinese　teachers　completed　self-reported　questionnaires　regarding　empathy,　moral　obligation,　social　value　orientation,　and　fairness　behavior.　The　results　revealed　that　moral　obligation　mediated　the　link　between　empathy　and　teachers’　fairness　behavior.　Teachers’　social　value　orientation　moderated　the　associations　between　empathy　and　moral　obligation　and　moral　obligation　and　fairness　behavior.　The　associations　between　empathy　and　moral　obligation　and　moral　obligation　and　fairness　behavior　were　more　robust　for　those　with　high　SVO　scores　(i.e.,　prosocial).　This　study　identified　the　critical　factors　associated　with　teachers’　fairness　behavior,　supplying　empirical　support　for　existing　theories　and　providing　practical　implications　for　interventions　designed　to　improve　Chinese　teachers’　classroom　environment.　Copyright:　©　2022　Hong　et　al.　This　is　an　open　access　article　distributed　under　the　terms　of　the　Creative　Commons　Attribution　License,　which　permits　unrestricted　use,　distribution,　and　reproduction　in　any　medium,　provided　the　original　author　and　source　are　credited.