Electricity-driven　microbial　metabolism　relies　on　the　extracellular　electron　transfer　(EET)　process　between　microbes　and　electrodes　and　provides　promise　for　resource　recovery　from　wastewater　and　industrial　discharges.　Over　the　past　decades,　tremendous　efforts　have　been　dedicated　to　designing　electrocatalysts　and　microbes,　as　well　as　hybrid　systems　to　push　this　approach　toward　industrial　adoption.　This　paper　summarizes　these　advances　in　order　to　facilitate　a　better　understanding　of　electricity-driven　microbial　metabolism　as　a　sustainable　waste-to-resource　solution.　Quantitative　comparisons　of　microbial　electrosynthesis　and　abiotic　electrosynthesis　are　made,　and　the　strategy　of　electrocatalyst-assisted　microbial　electrosynthesis　is　critically　discussed.　Nitrogen　recovery　processes　including　microbial　electrochemical　N2　fixation,　electrocatalytic　N2　reduction,　dissimilatory　nitrate　reduction　to　ammonium　(DNRA),　and　abiotic　electrochemical　nitrate　reduction　to　ammonia　(Abio-NRA)　are　systematically　reviewed.　Furthermore,　the　synchronous　metabolism　of　carbon　and　nitrogen　using　hybrid　inorganic-biological　systems　is　discussed,　including　advanced　physicochemical,　microbial,　and　electrochemical　characterizations　involved　in　this　field.　Finally,　perspectives　for　future　trends　are　presented.　The　paper　provides　valuable　insights　on　the　potential　contribution　of　electricity-driven　microbial　valorization　of　waste　carbon　and　nitrogen　toward　a　green　and　sustainable　society.　©　2023　American　Chemical　Society.