Vancomycin　fermentation　residue　(VFR)　is　a　by-product　of　the　pharmaceutical　industry　with　high　ecotoxicity　caused　by　the　residual　antibiotics,　antibiotic　resistance　genes　(ARGs),　and　heavy　metals　(HMs).　In　this　study,　the　detoxification　effect　of　hydrothermal　treatment　(HT)　and　pyrolysis　for　VFR　was　assessed　using　chemical　analysis　and　toxicity　tests.　When　VFR　was　subjected　to　HT　and　pyrolysis　at　≥400　°C,　more　than　99.70　%　of　the　residual　vancomycin　and　all　ARGs　were　removed.　The　HMs　contents　in　VFR　followed　the　order　of　manganese　(676.2　mg/kg)　＞　zinc　(148.6　mg/kg)　＞　chromium　(25.40　mg/kg)　＞　copper　(17.20　mg/kg),　and　they　were　highly　bioavailable　and　easily　leached.　However,　HT　and　pyrolysis　(≥400　°C)　substantially　reduced　the　bioavailable　fractions　and　leaching　properties　of　the　HMs.　After　HT　and　pyrolysis　at　≥　400　°C,　the　potential　ecological　risk　of　HMs　in　VFR　was　reduced　from　considerable　to　moderate/low　levels.　The　elutriate　acute　toxicity　test　suggested　that　HT　and　pyrolysis　at　≥　400　°C　effectively　reduced　the　toxicity　of　VFR　to　an　acceptable　level　(p　©　2024