Therapy-induced　modulation　of　the　tumor　microenvironment　(TME)　to　overcome　the　immunosuppressive　TME　is　considered　to　be　an　opportunity　for　cancer　treatment.　However,　monitoring　of　TME　modulation　during　the　therapeutic　process　to　accurately　determine　immune　responses　and　adjust　treatment　plans　in　a　timely　manner　remains　to　be　challenging.　Herein,　we　report　a　carrier-free　nanotheranostic　system　(CANPs)　assembled　by　two　boron　dipyrromethene　(BODIPY)　dyes,　a　sonophotosensitizer　C-BDP,　and　a　nitric　oxide　(NO)　probe　amino-BODIPY　(A-BDP).　CANPs　can　exert　combined　sonophototherapeutic　effects　of　C-BDP　under　ultrasound　and　light　irradiation　and　simultaneously　induce　inflammatory　TME,　as　well　as　emit　bright　fluorescence　via　A-BDP　by　monitoring　tumor-associated　macrophages　(TAMs)　repolarization　through　the　released　NO　in　vitro　and　in　vivo.　Of　note,　transforming　growth　factor-β　(TGF-β)　could　be　the　key　cytokine　involved　in　the　sonophototherapy-induced　TME　reprogramming.　By　virtue　of　high　physiological　stability,　good　biocompatibility,　and　effective　tumor　targetability,　CANPs　could　be　a　potential　nanotheranostic　system　for　the　simultaneous　induction　and　detection　of　TME　reprogramming　triggered　by　sonophototherapy.　©　2024　American　Chemical　Society.