Although　liver　transplantation　(LT)　is　an　effective　strategy　for　end-stage　liver　diseases,　the　shortage　of　donor　organs　and　the　immune　rejection　hinder　its　widespread　implementation　in　clinical　practice.　Mesenchymal　stem　cells　(MSCs)　transplantation　offers　a　promising　approach　for　patients　undergoing　liver　transplantation　due　to　their　immune　regulatory　capabilities,　hepatic　protection　properties,　and　multidirectional　differentiation　potential.　In　this　review,　we　summarize　the　potential　applications　of　MSCs　transplantation　in　various　LT　scenarios.　MSCs　transplantation　has　demonstrated　effectiveness　in　alleviating　hepatic　ischemia-reperfusion　injury,　enhancing　the　viability　of　liver　grafts,　preventing　acute　graft-versus-host　disease,　and　promoting　liver　regeneration　in　split　LT　therapy.　We　also　discuss　the　clinical　progress,　and　explore　the　immunomodulatory　functions　of　MSCs　in　response　to　both　adaptive　and　innate　immune　responses.　Furthermore,　we　emphasize　the　interactions　between　MSCs　and　different　immune　cells,　including　T　cells,　B　cells,　plasma　cells,　natural　killer　cells,　dendritic　cells,　Kupffer　cells,　and　neutrophils,　to　provide　new　insights　into　the　immunomodulatory　properties　of　MSCs　in　adoptive　cell　therapy.　©　The　Author(s)　2024.