The　thermal　ablation　and　the　cutting　tissue　for　tumors　with　laser　surgery　are　very　important　in　nowadays　medical　surgery.　Therefore,　the　real-time　monitoring　of　the　scalpel　temperature　has　become　the　focus　technical　research.　In　this　paper,　a　laser　fiber　scalpel　temperature　measurement　system　based　on　the　intensity　peak　ratio　of　upconversion　fluorescence　excited　by　980nm　laser　was　designed,　and　a　type　of　upconversion　fluorescent　material　was　demonstrated　and　applied　to　the　optical　fiber　scalpel,　so　that　the　accuracy　and　safety　of　surgical　temperature　measurement　can　be　improved.　This　paper　firstly　analyzed　the　principle　of　upconversion　fluorescent　temperature　measurement.　Secondly,　the　preparation　of　the　fluorescent　material　was　introduced　and　the　CaWO4:　Er3+,　Yb3+　was　placed　in　a　quartz　tube　to　make　a　fiber-optic　sensing　probe,　and　the　fluorescence　intensity　peak　ratio(FIR)　temperature　measurement　was　carried　out　by　warming　up　(up　to　800℃),　cooling　down,　and　warming　up　again　to　calibrate　the　relationship　between　the　temperature　and　the　FIR,　and　the　fourth-order　expression　of　the　FIR　with　the　temperature　was　obtained.　The　fluorescent　material　was　combined　with　the　optical　fiber　scalpel　tip,　which　was　used　to　improve　the　accuracy　and　safety　of　surgery　by　changing　the　power　of　the　laser.　Then,　the　fluorescent　material　was　combined　with　the　scalpel　tip,　and　the　laser　optical　fiber　scalpel　was　heated　by　increasing　the　power　of　the　980nm　laser.　Finally,　the　FIR　thermometry　value　was　calibrated　with　the　temperature　to　obtain　the　laser　power-temperature　equation,　and　the　temperature　accuracy　was　ensured　by　multiple　measurements　to　realize　the　real-time　monitoring　of　the　temperature　of　the　optical　fiber　scalpel　in　the　process　of　optical　fiber　laser　surgical　scalpel(OFLSS).　©　The　Authors.