Non-metallic　heteroatom-doped　carbon　materials　are　promising　catalysts　for　the　oxidative　dehydrogenation　of　propane　(ODHP),　but　their　controlled　synthesis　remains　challenging.　Herein,　a　novel　three-dimensional　N,　P　co-doped　carbon　nanosheet　(NPC-NS-T)　catalyst　is　prepared,　which　shows　an　impressive　catalytic　performance　in　the　ODHP　reaction　with　high　propane　conversion　(20.0%)　and　high　selectivity　for　propene　(62.1%)　and　olefins　(64.5%)　at　500　°C　along　with　good　long-time　stability.　Comprehensive　experimental　characterizations　revealed　that　incorporation　of　appropriate　P　can　not　only　help　to　form　more　C　=　O　species　on　the　surface　of　NPC-NS-T　but　also　inhibit　the　consumption　of　C　=　O　species　under　ODHP　conditions,　thereby　remarkably　improving　the　catalytic　performance.　This　work　could　pave　the　way　for　developing　efficient　biomass-derived　carbon　catalysts　for　the　oxidative　dehydrogenation　reactions　of　propane.　©　2024　The　Royal　Society　of　Chemistry.