Growing　epidemiological　evidence　suggests　that　the　diverse　and　functional　gut　microbiota　plays　a　vital　role　in　regulating　the　health　and　disease　of　organisms　including　human.　However,　organisms　are　inevitably　exposed　to　widespread　environmental　pollutants,　and　the　interactions　between　their　gut　microbiota　and　pollutants　are　relatively　underreported.　The　present　paper　considers　heavy　metals　(HMs)　and　microplastics　(MPs)　as　representatives　of　traditional　and　emerging　pollutants　and　systematically　summarizes　their　effects　on　gut　microbiota　and　the　effects　of　gut　microbiota　on　pollutants.　The　former　refers　to　the　alterations　in　the　gut　microbiota＇s　abundance,　diversity　and　composition　caused　by　pollutants,　whereas　the　latter　focuses　on　the　changes　in　the　metabolism　of　pollutants　by　adjusting　the　dominant　bacteria,　specific　enzymes,　and　key　genes.　In　particular,　some　fields　were　found　to　be　poorly　studied,　including　extension　of　research　to　humans,　mechanistic　exploration　of　gut　microbiota＇s　changes,　and　the　metabolism　of　pollutants　by　gut　microbiota.　Accordingly,　we　draw　attention　to　the　development　and　application　of　in　vitro　test　models　to　more　accurately　explore　the　interactions　between　pollutants　and　gut　microbiota　when　assessing　human　health　risks.　In　addition,　by　combining　state-of-the-art　biological　techniques　with　culturomics,　more　gut　microbiota　can　be　identified,　isolated,　and　cultured,　which　helps　to　confirm　the　relationship　between　pollutants　and　gut　microbiota　and　the　potential　function　of　gut　microbiota　in　pollutant　metabolism.　Furthermore,　the　phenomenon　of　coexposure　to　HMs　and　MPs　is　becoming　more　frequent,　and　their　interactions　with　gut　microbiota　and　the　influence　on　human　health　is　expected　to　be　one　of　the　frontier　research　fields　in　the　future.　The　key　information　presented　in　this　review　can　stimulate　further　development　of　techniques　and　methodologies　for　filling　the　knowledge　gaps　in　the　relationships　between　combined　pollutants　(HMs　and　MPs),　gut　microbiota,　and　human　health.