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This work aims to handle the challenging issues including numerical instability, contact, crack formation, etc. when simulating impacting failure problems. The proposed approach introduces an extended non-ordinary state-based peridynamic (NOSB-PD) model with an enhanced hourglass force formulation, integrated with a point-to-volume discrete (PTVD) contact model to describe the interaction between metal materials. The research highlights the effectiveness of this new model in preventing numerical oscillations and mitigating excessive system stiffness by incorporating damage effects into the hourglass force. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed model effectively suppresses zero-energy modes, avoids system over-stiffness caused by hourglass forces in damage-related problems, and provides a PTVD contact model compatible with peridynamics for addressing metallic impact scenarios. The extend peridynamic model can accurately characterize metallic impact phenomena and demonstrates predictive capability for ballistic limits in metallic impacts, suggesting potential applications in the impact analysis of ship structures. This work offers a contribution by improving the numerical stability and accuracy of metal impact simulations. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
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International Journal of Impact Engineering
ISSN: 0734-743X
Year: 2026
Volume: 207
5 . 1 0 0
JCR@2023
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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30 Days PV: 3
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