Rechargeable　lithium　batteries　(LBs)　that　can　withstand　extreme　temperatures　(high　and　low,　HT/LT)　are　essential　for　achieving　carbon　neutrality.　However,　the　operational　reliability　of　current　LBs　deteriorates　significantly　when　exposed　to　these　conditions.　Electrolyte　additives　characterized　by　a　small　dosage,　low　cost,　and　minimal　reduction　in　energy　density　have　been　shown　to　mitigate　thermal　challenges　effectively　by　regulating　interfaces　and　enhancing　ion　transport.　This　review　systematically　examines　the　failure　mechanisms　of　electrolytes　under　HT/LT　conditions,　including　thermally　driven　side　reactions,　sluggish　ion　migration　and　the　formation　of　an　unstable　solid　electrolyte　interphase　(SEI).　State-of-the-art　additives　are　classified　and　their　working　mechanisms,　functions,　advantages　and　disadvantages　are　analyzed.　Design　principles　for　advanced　additives　are　proposed,　emphasizing　the　synergistic　optimization　of　oxidative　stability　at　HT　and　ion　mobility　at　LT.　Although　these　strategies　are　tailored　to　lithium-based　systems,　they　offer　transferable　insights　for　other　metal-based　batteries　(e.g.,　sodium/potassium)　that　struggle　with　temperature-dependent　performance　degradation.