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Abstract:
The derivation of defect-engineered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) from industrial waste simultaneously mitigates environmental pollution, reduces MOF synthesis costs, and enhances adsorption performance. Herein, this study demonstrates a sustainable strategy for the resourceful synthesis of an iron-based MOF, s-MIL-100(Fe), using galvanizing pickling waste liquor (80.5 wt% Fe2+, 18.8 wt% Zn2+) as metal precursors. Although zinc ions do not incorporate into MOF frameworks, their coexistence induced the generation of coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (CUMS), enabling s-MIL-100(Fe) to achieve an ultra-high adsorption capacity of 721 mg g(-1) for doxycycline (DOX) at 303.15 K. In addition, Zn-mediated defect engineering increased the porosity of s-MIL-100(Fe), yielding optimized textural parameters (specific surface area: 733.4 m(2) g(-1); pore volume: 0.74 cm(3) g(-1)), and outperformed commercial c-MIL-100(Fe) by 48.4 % in adsorption capacity with a shorter equilibrium time. Furthermore, s-MIL-100(Fe) exhibited robustness across a pH range of 2-10, in multi-ion matrices and under humic acid interference, while retaining 90 % capacity over four regeneration cycles. Synergistic mechanisms involve CUMS-driven coordination, pi-pi stacking, and pore confinement, supplemented by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. By transforming hazardous metallurgical waste into high-performance adsorbents, this work offers a sustainable approach that simultaneously addresses industrial waste management and advanced material synthesis. Notably, s-MIL-100(Fe) demonstrates >97 % DOX removal efficiency in real contaminated waters, including aquaculture effluents, municipal wastewater, and river systems, validating its practical utility in environmental remediation. The Zn-assisted defect modulation strategy provides new insights into the structure-property optimization of waste-derived MOFs, highlighting the untapped potential of impurity ions in functional material synthesis.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
ISSN: 0013-9351
Year: 2025
Volume: 286
7 . 7 0 0
JCR@2023
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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