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Ru-based catalysts have attracted increasing interest due to their high efficiency in NH3 synthesis, yet their performance is limited by the inability of single site to simultaneously activate both N2 and H2 molecules. To overcome this challenge, introducing different functional sites (e.g., C60 as an adsorption/activation site for H2) is vital to achieving highly efficient NH3 synthesis under mild conditions. However, how the relative positioning of the second functional site to the Ru site influences the local environment and subsequent catalytic performance is still elusive. Herein, we present a site-selective strategy for anchoring C60 at distinct locations on a single-site Ru catalyst. Compared to surface-anchored C60, embedded C60 substantially modifies the electronic structure of the Ru single-atom site and decreases the work function. By virtue of cascading different functional sites, embedded C60 facilitates hydrogen spillover to nitrogen species activated on Ru to form NH3. In contrast, despite the high capacity for H2 adsorption, surface-anchored C60 exhibits sluggish hydrogen spillover, which results in its inefficient catalytic performance. Therefore, the optimal single-site Ru catalyst with embedded C60 achieves a 1.4-fold increase in the NH3 synthesis rate compared to its counterpart with surface-anchored C60 at 400 °C and 1 MPa. This study sheds light on optimizing the positioning of second functional site in the design of high-performance NH3 synthesis catalysts. © 2025
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Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
ISSN: 0926-3373
Year: 2026
Volume: 382
2 0 . 3 0 0
JCR@2023
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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