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Membrane distillation (MD) holds significant potential for achieving zero liquid discharge (ZLD) treatment of hypersaline industrial wastewater. However, calcium-induced scaling poses a severe operational challenge. This study investigates calcium scaling behavior during direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treatment of flue gas desulfurization wastewater (FGDW) from coal-fired power plants. We identify gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) as the primary scale, forming thick crystalline layers on membrane surfaces due to interfacial supersaturation resulting from temperature and concentration polarization. Silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) compounds accelerate scale deposition by serving as nucleation bridges. Implementing a sequential batch strategy that limited water recovery per cycle effectively suppressed gypsum scaling, allowing for stable DCMD operation for 80 h. During this period, the flux remained consistent (19–25 LMH) with high salt rejection (> 99.6 %) and low permeate conductivity ( © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
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Chemical Engineering Journal
ISSN: 1385-8947
Year: 2025
Volume: 524
1 3 . 4 0 0
JCR@2023
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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
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