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学者姓名：赖汉江
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Abstract ：
Microbially or enzyme induced carbonate precipitation has emerged to be a new type of soil improvement method. However, it appears that the biocementation process is affected by many factors and a common understanding on the control factors on the biocement effect has not been reached. This paper attempts to identify the main factors that controlling the MICP or EICP effect through an in-depth discussion on the fundamentals of biocementation process. Similar to other cemented granular materials, biocemented soil is a structural soil composite consisting of soil skeleton and biocement force chain or biocement network. The strength and stiffness of the biocemented soil is controlled by the reinforcement effect of the biocement network on the soil skeleton or the interplay of the soil skeleton and precipitates. The contribution of the strength by soil skeleton is affected by the soil types and soil properties, while the contribution of the precipitates is through the distribution of the biocement network and the properties of the precipitates. © 2024
Keyword ：
Biocementation Biocementation Influencing factor Influencing factor Mechanism Mechanism Strength enhancement Strength enhancement
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, H. , Ding, X. , Cui, M. et al. Factors affecting the effectiveness of biocementation of soil [J]. | Biogeotechnics , 2024 , 2 (3) . |
| MLA | Lai, H. et al. "Factors affecting the effectiveness of biocementation of soil" . | Biogeotechnics 2 . 3 (2024) . |
| APA | Lai, H. , Ding, X. , Cui, M. , Zheng, J. , Chu, J. , Chen, Z. . Factors affecting the effectiveness of biocementation of soil . | Biogeotechnics , 2024 , 2 (3) . |
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Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization.To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease,the calcium salts,including the calcium chloride(CaCl2),calcium acetate((CH3COO)2Ca)and calcium nitrate(Ca(NO3)2),were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper.Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column,respectively,were conducted.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were performed to determine the microscopic charac-teristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate(CaCO3)crystals.The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case,followed by(CH3COO)2Ca,and worst for Ca(NO3)2 under the test conditions of this study(i.e.1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea).The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves:(1)inhibition of urease activity,and(2)influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO3.Besides Ca2+,the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease,and NO3 has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH3COO-and Cl-.The co-inhibition of Ca2+and NO3 on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO3)2 case in this study.The dif-ference in biomineralization between the CaCl2 and(CH3COO)2Ca cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO3.
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| GB/T 7714 | Yajie Weng , Junjie Zheng , Hanjiang Lai et al. Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts [J]. | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） , 2024 , 16 (5) : 1788-1798 . |
| MLA | Yajie Weng et al. "Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts" . | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） 16 . 5 (2024) : 1788-1798 . |
| APA | Yajie Weng , Junjie Zheng , Hanjiang Lai , Mingjuan Cui , Xingzhi Ding . Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts . | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） , 2024 , 16 (5) , 1788-1798 . |
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Abstract ：
Calcium salt is an important contributing factor for calcium-based biomineralization. To study the effect of calcium salt on soil biomineralization using crude soybean urease, the calcium salts, including the calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium acetate ((CH3COO)(2)Ca) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)(2)), were used to prepare the biotreatment solution to carry out the biomineralization tests in this paper. Two series of biomineralization tests in solution and sand column, respectively, were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to determine the microscopic characteristics of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. The experimental results indicate that the biomineralization effect is the best for the CaCl2 case, followed by (CH3COO)(2)Ca, and worst for Ca(NO3)(2) under the test conditions of this study (i.e. 1 mol/L of calcium salt-urea). The mechanism for the effect of the calcium salt on the biomineralization of crude soybean urease mainly involves: (1) inhibition of urease activity, and (2) influence on the crystal size and morphology of CaCO3. Besides Ca2+, the anions in solution can inhibit the activity of crude soybean urease, and NO3- has a stronger inhibitory effect on the urease activity compared with both CH3COO- and Cl-. The co-inhibition of C-a2+ and NO3- on the activity of urease is the key reason for the worst biomineralization of the Ca(NO3)(2) case in this study. The difference in biomineralization between the CaCl2 and (CH3COO)2(C)a cases is strongly correlated with the crystal morphology of the precipitated CaCO3. (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keyword ：
Biomineralization Biomineralization Calcium salt Calcium salt Crude soybean urease Crude soybean urease Influence mechanism Influence mechanism
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| GB/T 7714 | Weng, Yajie , Zheng, Junjie , Lai, Hanjiang et al. Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts [J]. | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (5) : 1788-1798 . |
| MLA | Weng, Yajie et al. "Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts" . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 16 . 5 (2024) : 1788-1798 . |
| APA | Weng, Yajie , Zheng, Junjie , Lai, Hanjiang , Cui, Mingjuan , Ding, Xingzhi . Biomineralization of soil with crude soybean urease using different calcium salts . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (5) , 1788-1798 . |
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Abstract ：
The one-phase-low-pH method is a simple, efficient, and user-friendly biogrouting technique that can effectively improve the biomineralization of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) using free urease enzyme. One of the most significant advantages of this method is its capacity to effectively delay calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation by reducing the pH of the solution through the addition of acid. This prevents bioclogging during the biogrouting process and improves the biomineralization effect. However, the biomineralization of the one-phase-low-pH based EICP method may be influenced by the specific acid used. To investigate the impact of acid type on the one-phase-low-pH EICP method using crude soybean urease solution (CSUS), four types of acids, including hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and lactic acid (C3H6O3), were used to adjust the pH of CSUS. A series of macroscopic and microscopic experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of acid type on the onephase-low-pH EICP method. The results indicate that the acid has an inhibition on the urease activity (UA) of CSUS. Among the acids tested, HNO3 exhibits the most pronounced inhibitory effect on the UA of CSUS, followed by HCl, and the least pronounced inhibitory effect for CH3COOH and C3H6O3 under the same pH conditions. Meanwhile, CH3COOH and C3H6O3 could provide a longer delay duration of CaCO3 precipitation than HNO3 and HCl. Therefore, the one-phase-low-pH EICP method based on CH3COOH and C3H6O3 can significantly improve the effective biocementation depth compared to that based on HNO3 and HCl. Nevertheless, the different types of acids appear to have no obvious effect on the polymorph and crystalline of the precipitated CaCO3 crystals. (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).
Keyword ：
Acid type Acid type Biomineralization Biomineralization Crude soybean urease solution (CSUS) Crude soybean urease solution (CSUS) (EICP) (EICP) Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation One-phase-low-pH method One-phase-low-pH method
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| GB/T 7714 | Weng, Yajie , Lai, Hanjiang , Zheng, Junjie et al. Effect of acid type on biomineralization of soil using crude soybean urease solution [J]. | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) : 5135-5146 . |
| MLA | Weng, Yajie et al. "Effect of acid type on biomineralization of soil using crude soybean urease solution" . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 16 . 12 (2024) : 5135-5146 . |
| APA | Weng, Yajie , Lai, Hanjiang , Zheng, Junjie , Cui, Mingjuan , Chen, Yihang , Xu, Zhitao et al. Effect of acid type on biomineralization of soil using crude soybean urease solution . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) , 5135-5146 . |
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Bacterial suspension is an essential component of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)based biocement and a large-scale production is required for field applications. In this study, a new bacterial concentration method is proposed to enable high concentration bacterial suspension to be produced to facilitate field work. By adding low concentration calcium to bacterial suspension, flocs are formed and bacterial cells are adsorbed on the flocs to achieve bacterial concentration. Compared to the traditional bacterial concentration method using centrifugation and freezing-drying method, the proposed method can concentrate a large volume of bacterial suspension without using special equipment. The feasibility of this method is verified by bacterial concentration tests, solution tests and sand column treatment tests. The results of both the solution test and the sand column treatment test show that the bacterial suspension concentrated by the proposed method can be effectively used for soil biocementation. There is a threshold calcium concentration that allows a complete bacterial concentration for the proposed method, and this threshold calcium concentration tends to increase linearly with the optical density of the cell suspension at a wavelength of 600 nm (OD600). (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).
Keyword ：
Bacterial concentration Bacterial concentration Biocement Biocement Biocementation Biocementation (MICP) (MICP) Microbially induced carbonate precipitation Microbially induced carbonate precipitation
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Hanjiang , Ding, Xingzhi , Cui, Mingjuan et al. A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization [J]. | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) : 5109-5120 . |
| MLA | Lai, Hanjiang et al. "A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization" . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 16 . 12 (2024) : 5109-5120 . |
| APA | Lai, Hanjiang , Ding, Xingzhi , Cui, Mingjuan , Zheng, Junjie , Chu, Jian , Chen, Zhibo et al. A new bacterial concentration method for large-scale applications of biomineralization . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) , 5109-5120 . |
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There are two major challenges for the use of enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP)-based soil improvement method: cost and treatment effect. Optimizing the parameters of the treatment solution is one way to enhance the treatment effect and/or reduce the treatment cost. In this study, three key factors: the initial pH (i.e. pH0) of the enzyme solution used to prepare the treatment solution (i.e. the mixture of enzyme solution, CaCl2 and urea), the urease activity of the treatment solution and the concentration of cementation solution (i.e. CaCl2 and urea) are investigated. Crude soybean enzyme solution and the one-phase-low-pH injection method are adopted for the treatment of sand. The results show that the pH0 of the enzyme solution affects the urease activity of enzyme and thus the urease activity of the prepared treatment solution. It is discovered in this paper that there is a threshold pH value for the treatment solution. Only when the pH of the treatment solution is higher than the threshold pH value, calcium ions convert completely into calcium carbonate. There is also a threshold urease activity which is affected by the concentration of cementation solution, CCS. The optimal CCS is 1.0 M. When the CCS is higher than 1.75 M, the urease activity of soybean enzyme solution would be completely lost. These findings are important in guiding the application of EICP treatment using the crude soybean enzyme in real soil improvement projects.
Keyword ：
Crude soybean enzyme Crude soybean enzyme Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation Influencing factors Influencing factors Soil improvement Soil improvement
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| GB/T 7714 | Cui, Ming-Juan , Chu, Jian , Lai, Han-Jiang . Optimization of one-phase-low-pH enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation method for soil improvement [J]. | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 19 (3) : 1611-1625 . |
| MLA | Cui, Ming-Juan et al. "Optimization of one-phase-low-pH enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation method for soil improvement" . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA 19 . 3 (2024) : 1611-1625 . |
| APA | Cui, Ming-Juan , Chu, Jian , Lai, Han-Jiang . Optimization of one-phase-low-pH enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation method for soil improvement . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 19 (3) , 1611-1625 . |
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In this study, enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) combined with xanthan gum curing technology was used to improve the engineering properties of standard sand, and the curing effect of EICP combined with different xanthan gum contents was studied by macroscopic tests such as unconfined compressive strength, direct shear, permeability, calcium carbonate content, and microscopic tests such as scanning electron microscope and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results show that the unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, cohesion and internal friction angle of EICP combined with xanthan gum solidified sand increases with the increase of xanthan gum content and reaches the maximum value at the content of 2%, in which the increase of unconfined compressive strength, shear strength, and cohesion is significant; further, the increase of internal friction angle is small. The permeability coefficient of EICP combined with xanthan gum solidified sand decreases with the increase of xanthan gum content, and the permeability coefficient of 2% xanthan gum is only 65.4% that of pure EICP treatment. The incorporation of xanthan gum promotes the deposition of calcium carbonate, increases the viscosity of the reaction solution, and produces colloidal encapsulation and bonding effect on the sand particles. In addition, the incorporation of xanthan gum effectively reduces the porosity of solidified sand and greatly reduces the proportion of large pores and medium pores by changing the pore size, which greatly improves the pore structure.
Keyword ：
Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Multiscale engineering properties Multiscale engineering properties Soybean urease Soybean urease Standard sand Standard sand Xanthan gum Xanthan gum
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| GB/T 7714 | Cui, Meng , Xiong, Huihui , Zheng, Junjie et al. Experimental Study on Multiscale Engineering Properties of EICP Combined with Xanthan Gum Solidified Sand [J]. | JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 36 (6) . |
| MLA | Cui, Meng et al. "Experimental Study on Multiscale Engineering Properties of EICP Combined with Xanthan Gum Solidified Sand" . | JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 36 . 6 (2024) . |
| APA | Cui, Meng , Xiong, Huihui , Zheng, Junjie , Cui, Mingjuan , Lv, Suying , Lai, Hanjiang . Experimental Study on Multiscale Engineering Properties of EICP Combined with Xanthan Gum Solidified Sand . | JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 36 (6) . |
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In tropical islands, calcareous sand with poor engineering properties usually needs to be treated before it can be used as building materials. Considering the scarcity of freshwater in these areas, this study proposes seawater-based enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology to enhance the properties of calcareous sand. It is to induce calcium carbonate crystals to bond calcareous sand particles together using the seawater-based crude soybean enzyme and cementation solution (i.e., urea and calcium chloride). In this study, the crude soybean urease extraction test was firstly carried out using seawater and it was also investigated what components of seawater had a greater effect on the soybean urease extraction. Afterwards, the solution test was conducted to explore the ability of the extracted urease in inducing calcium carbonate through analyzing the variation of concentration of calcium ions and pH of the solution. Finally, the biocementation effect of EICP treated calcareous sand using the seawater extracted urease solution was evaluated by the unconfined compressive strength (quc) and microscopic analysis. Test results show that the turbidity of the seawater-extracted soybean urease solution can be reduced by 66.7% compared to that of deionised water extracted urease, with only a slight reduction in urease activity. Among all the components of seawater, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaHCO3 and KBr can significantly reduce the turbidity of soybean urease solution. The lower turbidity can effectively avoid bioclogging and contribute to the homogeneity of the EICP-treated calcareous sands, and thus improve the biomineralization efficiency and strength enhancement. Seawater-based EICP treatment will be a great promising technology in freshwater-scarce tropical islands, because it can directly use seawater for biomineralization treatment of calcareous sand, and meanwhile effectively avoid local clogging of biocementation.
Keyword ：
Biomineralization Biomineralization Calcareous sand Calcareous sand Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Seawater Seawater Soybean urease extraction Soybean urease extraction
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| GB/T 7714 | Cui, Ming-Juan , Zhou, Jia-Ni , Lai, Han-Jiang et al. Seawater-based soybean urease for calcareous sand biomineralization [J]. | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 19 (10) : 6643-6659 . |
| MLA | Cui, Ming-Juan et al. "Seawater-based soybean urease for calcareous sand biomineralization" . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA 19 . 10 (2024) : 6643-6659 . |
| APA | Cui, Ming-Juan , Zhou, Jia-Ni , Lai, Han-Jiang , Zheng, Jun-Jie , Huang, Ming , Zhang, Zhi-Chao . Seawater-based soybean urease for calcareous sand biomineralization . | ACTA GEOTECHNICA , 2024 , 19 (10) , 6643-6659 . |
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Abstract ：
Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) based on self -extracted crude soybean urease solution (CSUS) is a promising method for soil improvement. However, the deionized water -extracted CSUS usually contains a large amount of impurities that easily lead to bioclogging during the biogrouting process, resulting in a nonuniform biomineralization effect. In this study, a purification method using inorganic flocculants is proposed to extract CSUS with relatively high purity and urease activity (UA) for EICP method. Seven commonly used inorganic flocculants were adopted in this study, including KAl(SO4)2 center dot 12H2O, AlCl3 center dot 6H2O, Al2(SO4)3 center dot 18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3, poly aluminum chloride, poly ferric sulfate, and poly aluminum ferric chloride. Three sets of tests, including CSUS extraction tests, solution tests, and sand column treatment tests, were conducted to investigate the feasibility and validity of this purification method. The test results show that inorganic flocculants could effectively reduce the turbidity of the extracted CSUS, avoid the bioclogging during biogrouting, and thus improve the biomineralization effect of the CSUS-based EICP method. Compared with deionized water -based CSUS, at least 60% of the impurities in CSUS can be removed at optimal flocculant contents when the soybean powder content is 100 g/L. On the other hand, the flocculants would also cause a reduction in the UA of the extracted CSUS. Considering the UA, turbidity, and biomineralization effect of the extracted CSUS, the optimal inorganic flocculants and their contents are recommended to be 3.0 g/L for KAl(SO4)2 center dot 12H2O, 2.0 g/L for AlCl3 center dot 6H2O, 2.5 g/L for Al2(SO4)3 center dot 18H2O under the tested conditions, respectively.
Keyword ：
Biomineralization Biomineralization Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) Inorganic flocculant Inorganic flocculant Soybean urease Soybean urease Urease extraction Urease extraction
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Hui , Cui, Ming-Juan et al. Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization [J]. | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 460 . |
| MLA | Lai, Han-Jiang et al. "Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization" . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 460 (2024) . |
| APA | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Hui , Cui, Ming-Juan , Zheng, Jun-Jie , Chen, Zhi-Bo , Zhang, Zhi-Chao . Inorganic flocculant-based soybean urease extraction and its effect on biomineralization . | JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION , 2024 , 460 . |
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Abstract ：
Bio-cementation technology based on crude soybean urease is a new environmentally friendly foundation treatment technology emerging in the field of geotechnical engineering. The uniformity of bio-cementation is a pressing issue that needs to be addressed to advance the application of this technology in practical engineering, and soil particle size stands as a significant influencing factor. In this study, 13 types of sand with varying particle sizes were selected, along with self-extracted crude soybean urease solution, to conduct urease percolation tests, sand column curing tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. These experiments aimed to analyze the influence of soil particle size on the effectiveness of bio-cementation using crude soybean urease and explore its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal that soil particle size significantly affects the migration and adsorption of urease in the crude soybean urease solution. Smaller soil particle sizes facilitate the adsorption of urease. However, excessively small particle sizes (e.g., less than 0.425 mm) lead to the concentration of most adsorbed urease in the middle and upper regions of the soil column. Conversely, excessively large particle sizes (e.g., greater than 4.750 mm) hinder urease adsorption in these regions. Both scenarios tend to result in uneven bio-cementation. Besides the amount of urease adsorption, the influence of soil particle size effect on the biocementation efficacy based on soybean urease is also associated with factors such as pore size within the soil and the number of particle contacts per unit volume of soil. Larger soil particles result in larger interstitial pore sizes and fewer particle contacts, thus hindering the formation of effective calcium carbonate crystals. © 2024 Biodiversity Research Center Academia Sinica. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
Cementing (shafts) Cementing (shafts) Conservation Conservation Pressing (forming) Pressing (forming) Soil testing Soil testing
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Run-Ming , Chen, Zhi-Bo et al. Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease [J]. | Rock and Soil Mechanics , 2024 , 45 : 25-32 . |
| MLA | Lai, Han-Jiang et al. "Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease" . | Rock and Soil Mechanics 45 (2024) : 25-32 . |
| APA | Lai, Han-Jiang , Liu, Run-Ming , Chen, Zhi-Bo , Cui, Ming-Juan . Effect of grain size on biocementation of sand using crude soybean urease . | Rock and Soil Mechanics , 2024 , 45 , 25-32 . |
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