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学者姓名：赖丰文
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Abstract ：
This paper presents a comprehensive case study of the construction of a 10 km long large-span underwater tunnel under Taihu Lake using the cut-and-cover method. The main challenges for the design and construction of the tunnel are limiting soil deformation and tunnel settlement, controlling the groundwater table, improving the construction efficiency, and meeting the environmental requirements. The strategies to address these challenges were summarized, including a four-zone staged excavation configuration, the use of piles for tunnel settlement control, and the use of cofferdams and waterproof curtains for groundwater control. The effectiveness of these strategies was validated by field observations, including deformations and stresses of cofferdams, retaining wall deflections, vertical and horizontal ground movements, groundwater table variations, and tunnel settlements. The observation results indicated that the measured values were smaller than the design limits, and no damage or leakage was observed during construction. This case history provides a valuable reference for the design and construction of similar tunnels.
Keyword ：
deep excavation deep excavation field observation field observation four-zone staged excavation four-zone staged excavation tunnel settlement tunnel settlement underwater tunnel underwater tunnel
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Songyu , Lu, Taishan , Cai, Guojun et al. Use of cut-and-cover method to construct a 10 km long large-span underwater tunnel: case study [J]. | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 : 1-16 . |
| MLA | Liu, Songyu et al. "Use of cut-and-cover method to construct a 10 km long large-span underwater tunnel: case study" . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL 62 (2025) : 1-16 . |
| APA | Liu, Songyu , Lu, Taishan , Cai, Guojun , Wu, Kai , Lai, Fengwen , Xia, Wenjun . Use of cut-and-cover method to construct a 10 km long large-span underwater tunnel: case study . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 , 1-16 . |
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Accurate determination of parameters for an advanced soil constitutive model highly relies on laboratory testing, even though it is notoriously difficult to obtain undisturbed samples for soft soils. This study explores the potential use of in situ tests, such as piezocone penetration tests (CPTU) and seismic dilatometer tests (SDMT), to estimate the constitutive model parameters. Based on a case history of a deep excavation adjacent to existing tunnels in silt/sand-dominated sediments, a calibration approach of a set of the HSSmall (Hardening Soil Model with small strain stiffness) model parameters is presented, and the derived parameters are used to numerically compute the interactive responses of tunnels and deep excavations. Several comparisons against field monitoring data indicate that the numerical model with the CPTU/SDMT-interpreted HSSmall model parameters adequately reproduces observed deformation responses of deep excavations adjacent to tunnels. However, in the considered case study, the use of laboratory tests with disturbed samples to estimate the stiffness parameters of the HSSmall model results in an overconservative solution. This finding supports the use of CPTU/SDMT to provide representative parameters for a range of soil layers, leading to the conclusion that tunnel linings may be beneficial to mitigate ground movements and wall deflections due to a "barrier" effect.
Keyword ：
deep excavation deep excavation HSSmall model HSSmall model piezocone penetration test piezocone penetration test sand/silt-dominated sediment sand/silt-dominated sediment seismic dilatometer test seismic dilatometer test tunnel tunnel
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| GB/T 7714 | Lai, Fengwen , Tschuchnigg, Franz , Schweiger, Helmut F. et al. A numerical study of deep excavations adjacent to existing tunnels: integrating CPTU and SDMT to calibrate soil constitutive model [J]. | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 . |
| MLA | Lai, Fengwen et al. "A numerical study of deep excavations adjacent to existing tunnels: integrating CPTU and SDMT to calibrate soil constitutive model" . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL 62 (2025) . |
| APA | Lai, Fengwen , Tschuchnigg, Franz , Schweiger, Helmut F. , Liu, Songyu , Shiau, Jim , Cai, Guojun . A numerical study of deep excavations adjacent to existing tunnels: integrating CPTU and SDMT to calibrate soil constitutive model . | CANADIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL , 2025 , 62 . |
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Soil conditioning of gravel-clay strata using foams for earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunnelling is less well understood compared to conditioning for clay or sand strata. This lack of understanding can lead to muck clogging at the cutting wheel and increased wear on cutter tools. To address these issues, this study introduces the response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the effects of various foaming agent components and their interactions on foam conditioning of gravel-clay strata that are widely distributed in Southeastern China. The controlled variables selected for this study include anionic surfactant sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, nonionic surfactant alkyl polyglycoside, foam stabilizer hollyhock gum, organic dispersant guar gum, and inorganic dispersant sodium tripolyphosphate. The responses evaluated are the foaming agent viscosity, foam volume, foam half-life time, adhesive force, and undrained shear strength. Fifty groups of laboratory tests, including apparent viscosity, Ross-Miles, liquid loss, improved cone pull-out, and vane shear tests, are conducted to characterize these responses. The surface tension measurements and microscopic observations are also performed to interpret foam performance. Ultimately, the optimal ratio of foaming agent components is determined using the desirability approach. The comparison of in-house and commercial foaming agents in both laboratory and in-situ tests, focusing on their conditioning effects on soil properties and tunnelling parameters, highlights the applicability of the proposed RSM models. This study offers new insight into the consequence and interaction of different foaming agent components and serves as a valuable reference for soil conditioning of gravel-clay strata during EPB shield tunnelling.
Keyword ：
Dispersed foam Dispersed foam EPB shield EPB shield Field application Field application Gravel-clay strata Gravel-clay strata Laboratory experiment Laboratory experiment
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| GB/T 7714 | Jin, Guixiao , Lu, Yao , Shiau, Jim S. et al. Consequence and interaction of foaming agent components on soil conditioning of gravel-clay strata for EPB shield tunnelling☆ [J]. | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 157 . |
| MLA | Jin, Guixiao et al. "Consequence and interaction of foaming agent components on soil conditioning of gravel-clay strata for EPB shield tunnelling☆" . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 157 (2025) . |
| APA | Jin, Guixiao , Lu, Yao , Shiau, Jim S. , Huang, Ming , Lai, Fengwen , Feng, Mengmeng . Consequence and interaction of foaming agent components on soil conditioning of gravel-clay strata for EPB shield tunnelling☆ . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2025 , 157 . |
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The interpretation of the cone penetration test(CPT)still relies largely on empirical correlations that have been predominantly developed in resource-intensive and time-consuming calibration chambers.This paper presents a CPT virtual calibration chamber using deep learning(DL)approaches,which allow for the consideration of depth-dependent cone resistance profiles through the implementation of two proposed strategies:(1)depth-resistance mapping using a multilayer perceptron(MLP)and(2)sequence-to-sequence training using a long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network.Two DL models are developed to predict cone resistance profiles(qc)under various soil states and testing conditions,where Bayesian optimization(BO)is adopted to identify the optimal hyperparameters.Subsequently,the BO-MLP and BO-LSTM networks are trained using the available data from published datasets.The results show that the models with BO can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and efficiency of neural networks compared to those without BO.The two training strategies yielded comparable results in the testing set,and both can be used to reproduce the whole cone resistance profile.An extended com-parison and validation of the prediction results are carried out against numerical results obtained from a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL)model,demonstrating a high degree of agreement between the DL and CEL models.Ultimately,to demonstrate the usability of this new virtual calibration chamber,the predicted qc is used to enhance the preceding correlations with the relative density(Dr)of the sand.The improved correlation with superior generalization has an R2 of 82％when considering all data,and 89.6％when examining the pure experimental data.
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| GB/T 7714 | Mingpeng Liu , Enci Sun , Ningning Zhang et al. A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches [J]. | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） , 2024 , 16 (12) : 5179-5192 . |
| MLA | Mingpeng Liu et al. "A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches" . | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） 16 . 12 (2024) : 5179-5192 . |
| APA | Mingpeng Liu , Enci Sun , Ningning Zhang , Fengwen Lai , Raul Fuentes . A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches . | 岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版） , 2024 , 16 (12) , 5179-5192 . |
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小应变硬化(Hardening Soil-Small,HSS)模型因其能够准确反映土体小应变范围内剪切模量的非线性特性,在地下工程开挖变形计算中得到了广泛应用.软弱土的力学特性易受钻孔取样扰动影响,导致常规室内单元试验标定的HSS本构模型参数存在一定误差.根据原位测试技术确定土体参数可有效避免取样扰动的思路,提出了基于孔压静力触探(Piezocone Penetration Test,CPTU)和地震波扁铲侧胀仪(Seismic Dilatometer Test,SDMT)的HSS模型参数确定方法.将所提方法应用至苏州典型软土地区邻轨深基坑工程中,计算得到了全套HSS模型参数,并分别通过与室内固结压缩-回弹曲线和现场动力波速测试数据进行对比,验证了所提方法的准确性和合理性,进一步将所得参数应用于深基坑开挖变形响应计算.结果表明,邻轨基坑开挖变形计算结果与现场监测数据基本一致,证明了基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的HSS模型参数确定方法的工程适用性.
Keyword ：
HSS本构模型 HSS本构模型 地下工程 地下工程 地震波扁铲侧胀仪 地震波扁铲侧胀仪 孔压静力触探 孔压静力触探 软弱土 软弱土
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| GB/T 7714 | 刘松玉 , 蔡国军 , 赖丰文 et al. 基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的软弱土HSS本构模型参数确定方法 [J]. | 地基处理 , 2024 , 6 (6) : 531-539 . |
| MLA | 刘松玉 et al. "基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的软弱土HSS本构模型参数确定方法" . | 地基处理 6 . 6 (2024) : 531-539 . |
| APA | 刘松玉 , 蔡国军 , 赖丰文 , 黄明 , 程月红 , 鲁泰山 . 基于CPTU/SDMT原位测试的软弱土HSS本构模型参数确定方法 . | 地基处理 , 2024 , 6 (6) , 531-539 . |
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The determination of earth pressure is a key element for the design of retaining structures of deep excavations. However, the existing earth pressure models can not reasonably consider the change of soil properties induced by excavation activities. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) is capable of effectively avoiding the sampling disturbance and quickly providing the continuous in-situ testing parameters of soils (cone resistance, sleeve friction, pore water pressure). Combining the CPTU tests and the displacement-based earth pressure model, the change of soil properties induced by excavations, surrounding buried structures (confined soil), soil arching effects, soil strength parameters and friction angle of the soil-structure interface are comprehensively taken into account to develop a unified earth pressure model (from active- to passive-state) under the Coulomb’s earth pressure framework. The comparisons of earth pressures obtained between 1g-/ng-model tests and the developed model are made for the validation. Subsequently, the developed model is employed in a deep excavation adjacent to a metro station in soft soils deposited in the Taihu Lake. The CPTU tests are then performed in the soils around both sides of retaining structures, of which the earth pressure and lateral deformation are also measured. The interpretation of in-situ testing results indicates that state parameters of soils significantly change due to excavations, but the effective friction angle almost remains unchanged. The further comparisons of earth pressures obtained between the measurement and the developed model indicate that the CPTU-based earth pressure model works well for a deep excavation under a complex environment, thus successfully reaching a practical application. © 2024 Chinese Society of Civil Engineering. All rights reserved.
Keyword ：
confined soil confined soil displacement-based earth pressure displacement-based earth pressure excavation disturbance excavation disturbance in-situ soil mechanics in-situ soil mechanics piezocone penetration test piezocone penetration test
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, S. , Lai, F. , Cai, G. et al. A CPTU-based earth pressure model for deep excavations under complex environment and its practical application; [复杂环境下基于 CPTU 的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用] [J]. | Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering , 2024 , 46 (8) : 1563-1572 . |
| MLA | Liu, S. et al. "A CPTU-based earth pressure model for deep excavations under complex environment and its practical application; [复杂环境下基于 CPTU 的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用]" . | Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 46 . 8 (2024) : 1563-1572 . |
| APA | Liu, S. , Lai, F. , Cai, G. , Li, H. , Lu, T. , Zhang, C. . A CPTU-based earth pressure model for deep excavations under complex environment and its practical application; [复杂环境下基于 CPTU 的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用] . | Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering , 2024 , 46 (8) , 1563-1572 . |
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土压力计算是深基坑围护结构设计的重要组成部分,但现有土压力模型难以合理地考虑开挖扰动诱发土体工程性质演化影响.孔压静力触探(piezocone penetration test,CPTU)能够有效避免取样扰动,并快速提供连续的原位土测试参数(锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力、孔隙水压力).基于 CPTU 原位测试和位移相关土压力模型,结合库仑土压力框架,综合考虑开挖诱发土体工程性质演化、邻近地下结构(受限空间)、土拱效应、地基土强度参数和土-结构界面摩擦角等影响因素,构建了复杂环境下深基坑土压力统一计算模型(主动状态至被动状态).分别通过与室内1g模型试验和离心机试验结果对比,验证了所构建模型的准确性与合理性.进一步将所构建模型应用至太湖冲湖积相软土地区某邻近地铁车站的深基坑工程.现场分别在基坑开挖前后对围护结构的两侧(基坑内外)开展了 CPTU 原位测试,并监测得到了围护结构侧向变形与土压力变化.原位测试解译结果表明,基坑开挖显著地改变了周边土体状态参数,但对于有效内摩擦角的影响甚微.与现场所测土压力对比指出,基于 CPTU 的土压力模型能够较好地反映复杂环境下基坑土压力变化,成功实现了工程应用.
Keyword ：
位移相关土压力 位移相关土压力 原位土力学 原位土力学 受限空间 受限空间 孔压静力触探(CPTU) 孔压静力触探(CPTU) 开挖扰动 开挖扰动
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| GB/T 7714 | 刘松玉 , 赖丰文 , 蔡国军 et al. 复杂环境下基于CPTU的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用 [J]. | 岩土工程学报 , 2024 , 46 (8) : 1563-1572 . |
| MLA | 刘松玉 et al. "复杂环境下基于CPTU的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用" . | 岩土工程学报 46 . 8 (2024) : 1563-1572 . |
| APA | 刘松玉 , 赖丰文 , 蔡国军 , 李洪江 , 鲁泰山 , 张超哲 . 复杂环境下基于CPTU的深基坑土压力模型与工程应用 . | 岩土工程学报 , 2024 , 46 (8) , 1563-1572 . |
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This paper develops a novel approach for automatic parameter calibration of soil constitutive models by combining Bayesian optimization (BO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The BO method enables locating the possible point over a large multi-parameter search domain quickly, by which the search domain is no longer required to be accurately pre-defined. Thereafter, the GA is employed to find the best solution within the BO-optimized search space. This calibration procedure can quickly give the best-matched model parameters for both sands and clays even with the same large search space. Taking a critical state-based soil model (Clay And Sand Model (CASM)) as an example, the superiority and capability of the proposed calibration method are examined by comparing experimental data with predicted results for both clays and sands. It is shown that the BO-GA-based approach can reduce errors by 46.4% for clays and 41.2% for sands compared with the conventional GA method and outperforms other traditional optimization algorithms. Eventually, the evolution process of BO and GA is visualized to better understand the principles of automatic parameter calibration, which is followed by model uncertainty analyses.
Keyword ：
Automatic calibration Automatic calibration Bayesian optimization Bayesian optimization Critical state model Critical state model Genetic algorithm Genetic algorithm
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Mingpeng , Zhuang, Peizhi , Lai, Fengwen . A Bayesian optimization-genetic algorithm-based approach for automatic parameter calibration of soil models: Application to clay and sand model [J]. | COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS , 2024 , 176 . |
| MLA | Liu, Mingpeng et al. "A Bayesian optimization-genetic algorithm-based approach for automatic parameter calibration of soil models: Application to clay and sand model" . | COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS 176 (2024) . |
| APA | Liu, Mingpeng , Zhuang, Peizhi , Lai, Fengwen . A Bayesian optimization-genetic algorithm-based approach for automatic parameter calibration of soil models: Application to clay and sand model . | COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS , 2024 , 176 . |
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The interpretation of the cone penetration test (CPT) still relies largely on empirical correlations that have been predominantly developed in resource-intensive and time-consuming calibration chambers. This paper presents a CPT virtual calibration chamber using deep learning (DL) approaches, which allow for the consideration of depth-dependent cone resistance profiles through the implementation of two proposed strategies: (1) depth-resistance mapping using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and (2) sequence-to-sequence training using a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. Two DL models are developed to predict cone resistance profiles (qc) under various soil states and testing conditions, where Bayesian optimization (BO) is adopted to identify the optimal hyperparameters. Subsequently, the BO-MLP and BO-LSTM networks are trained using the available data from published datasets. The results show that the models with BO can effectively improve the prediction accuracy and efficiency of neural networks compared to those without BO. The two training strategies yielded comparable results in the testing set, and both can be used to reproduce the whole cone resistance profile. An extended comparison and validation of the prediction results are carried out against numerical results obtained from a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model, demonstrating a high degree of agreement between the DL and CEL models. Ultimately, to demonstrate the usability of this new virtual calibration chamber, the predicted qc is used to enhance the preceding correlations with the relative density (Dr) of the sand. The improved correlation with superior generalization has an R2 of 82% when considering all data, and 89.6% when examining the pure experimental data. (c) 2024 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keyword ：
Bayesian optimization (BO) Bayesian optimization (BO) Cone penetration test (CPT) Cone penetration test (CPT) Long short-term memory (LSTM) network Long short-term memory (LSTM) network Multilayer perceptron (MLP) Multilayer perceptron (MLP) Virtual calibration chamber Virtual calibration chamber
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Mingpeng , Sun, Enci , Zhang, Ningning et al. A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches [J]. | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) : 5179-5192 . |
| MLA | Liu, Mingpeng et al. "A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches" . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 16 . 12 (2024) : 5179-5192 . |
| APA | Liu, Mingpeng , Sun, Enci , Zhang, Ningning , Lai, Fengwen , Fuentes, Raul . A virtual calibration chamber for cone penetration test based on deep-learning approaches . | JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING , 2024 , 16 (12) , 5179-5192 . |
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It is widely recognized that the improvement effects of the foam on the soil properties during earth pressure balance shield (EPBS) tunnelling can be well characterized by some conditioning evaluation indices such as shear strength, flowability, and compressibility. The number of EPBS has increased significantly worldwide in the past few decades. Consequently, recycling the EPBS muck wastes for other applications becomes important, and in this context, estimating the recycling potential of foam-conditioned soils is of great practical significance. Although numerous studies have proved dewaterability to be one of the most important indices to assess the reusability of clay muck wastes, the dewatering behaviors of foam-conditioned clay soils and their quantitative interrelations with common conditioning evaluation indices are still not properly understood. To understand the comprehensive effects of foams on high-saturation clay soil that is comparable to natural clays of real tunnels, a series of laboratory experiments were carried out, including undrained shear tests, flowability tests, and vacuum filtration tests. The concept of specific resistance was introduced to characterize the dewaterability, taking the effects of filtration time and pressure into consideration. The moisture migration mechanisms at both the conditioning and dewatering stages were analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance tests. It was found that increasing the degree of saturation and the foam injection ratio could lead to a significant enhancement in the flowability (vertical and horizontal slumps), compressibility, and dewaterability, but a reduction in the undrained shear strength. The injected foams caused the moisture to migrate from micropores to mesopores during conditioning, but from mesopores to micropores and macropores during dewatering. Accordingly, quantitative expressions were established to determine the interrelations between conditioning and dewatering indices. The specific resistance was also demonstrated to be an effective alternative variable to characterize the conditioning performance of foams for high-saturation clay soils. Finally, a new application diagram of different evaluation indices, which can assist engineers in effectively assessing the foam's effects on clay soils, was provided to contribute valuable knowledge to EPBS tunnelling practices.
Keyword ：
Dewaterability Dewaterability Foam Foam High-saturation clay High-saturation clay Moisture migration Moisture migration Soil conditioning Soil conditioning
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| GB/T 7714 | Lu, Yao , Huang, Ming , Lai, Fengwen et al. Quantitative interrelations of conditioning and recycling indices of high-saturation clay soils for EPB shield tunnelling [J]. | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 154 . |
| MLA | Lu, Yao et al. "Quantitative interrelations of conditioning and recycling indices of high-saturation clay soils for EPB shield tunnelling" . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 154 (2024) . |
| APA | Lu, Yao , Huang, Ming , Lai, Fengwen , Xu, Chaoshui , Peng, Liqian . Quantitative interrelations of conditioning and recycling indices of high-saturation clay soils for EPB shield tunnelling . | TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 154 . |
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