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学者姓名：许志红
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Abstract ：
Addressing the issue of electrical fires caused by DC series arc fault in long-serving photovoltaic systems due to line aging and poor contact, this paper proposes a fault detection method that combines multi-feature fusion fault criteria with machine learning algorithms. Initially, an arc generator is designed and integrated into the photovoltaic system to produce DC arc fault waveforms, with arc data collected using sensors and oscilloscopes. Subsequently, arc features are extracted from various domains and feature selection is performed using the random forest algorithm to eliminate redundant features, forming feature criteria. Finally, arc fault detection is carried out using a support vector machine optimized by particle swarm optimization. Experimental results show that this method can accurately identify DC series arc fault in photovoltaic systems and has a certain degree of anti-interference capability. © Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2025.
Keyword ：
Adaptive boosting Adaptive boosting Decision trees Decision trees Feature Selection Feature Selection Particle swarm optimization (PSO) Particle swarm optimization (PSO) Random forests Random forests Support vector machines Support vector machines
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| GB/T 7714 | Cao, Feng , Xu, Zhihong . PSO-SVM Based DC Series Arc Fault Detection Method in Photovoltaic Systems [C] . 2025 : 697-705 . |
| MLA | Cao, Feng 等. "PSO-SVM Based DC Series Arc Fault Detection Method in Photovoltaic Systems" . (2025) : 697-705 . |
| APA | Cao, Feng , Xu, Zhihong . PSO-SVM Based DC Series Arc Fault Detection Method in Photovoltaic Systems . (2025) : 697-705 . |
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Aiming at the problem of arc extinguishing of HVDC relay, this paper presents an optimal design of electromagnetic system based on orthogonal test. In order to improve the breaking speed of the contact, a three-dimensional finite element model of the relay electromagnetic system is established. The key parameters of the electromagnetic system performance are analyzed, the optimization variables are determined, and the simulation model is verified by dynamic characteristic experiment. On this basis, the orthogonal test method is used to optimize the electromagnetic system of relay. The results show that the optimal design can improve the breaking speed of the relay contact and lay a theoretical foundation for improving the life of the relay. © Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2025.
Keyword ：
Design of experiments Design of experiments HVDC power transmission HVDC power transmission
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhou, Yuxing , Xu, Zhihong . Optimization Design of Electromagnetic System for HVDC Relays Based on Orthogonal Experiment [C] . 2025 : 738-746 . |
| MLA | Zhou, Yuxing 等. "Optimization Design of Electromagnetic System for HVDC Relays Based on Orthogonal Experiment" . (2025) : 738-746 . |
| APA | Zhou, Yuxing , Xu, Zhihong . Optimization Design of Electromagnetic System for HVDC Relays Based on Orthogonal Experiment . (2025) : 738-746 . |
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During the operation of the electromagnetic switches, the flux linkage can replace the mechanical parameters to characterize the motion of the actuator. But the observation errors of the flux linkage will lead to a failure of the control strategy. To address this issue, a cascade control strategy based on flux linkage slope is proposed. The observed flux linkage is intercepted by a sliding window, the flux linkage slope is calculated, then the flux linkage slope is used to establish a cascade control strategy. This strategy consists of an outer loop of the flux linkage slope and an inner loop of the coil current. The theoretical deduction proves that the flux linkage slope can be compatible with the flux linkage observation error and reflect the change of the real flux linkage caused by the motion of the armature. The simulation results show that the proposed cascade control strategy has good compatibility with the flux linkage observation error while realizing the self-adjusting of coil current with the displacement of the armature. © Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2025.
Keyword ：
Actuators Actuators Cascade control systems Cascade control systems Electric switches Electric switches
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Changkun , Su, Peiming , Xu, Zhihong . A Cascade Control Strategy for Electromagnetic Switches Based on Flux Linkage Slope [C] . 2025 : 594-601 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Changkun 等. "A Cascade Control Strategy for Electromagnetic Switches Based on Flux Linkage Slope" . (2025) : 594-601 . |
| APA | Zhang, Changkun , Su, Peiming , Xu, Zhihong . A Cascade Control Strategy for Electromagnetic Switches Based on Flux Linkage Slope . (2025) : 594-601 . |
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The actuator drivers are rarely transplanted among different contactors because the self-tuning of excitation control parameters either takes a long time or is relevant to many contactor structural parameters. An adaptive actuator driver for ac contactors is proposed based on the coil impedance estimation and mathematical equations between the coil impedance and excitation control parameters. The coil impedance estimation and its error correction are established through the voltage balance equation when the contactor is in the open position. The coil inductance estimation is established through the zero-state response equation when the contactor is in the closed position. The mathematical equations are established based on the equivalence of the electromagnetic force under different excitation methods, the power consumption model, and the control system's transfer function. A geometric feature of the flux linkage waveform is established to identify whether a contactor is in the closed position and realize the self-transition of the driver's working state. Then, self-tuning regulators for the excitation control parameters are realized. This driver has a plug-and-play function for ac contactors and can reduce the contactor's power consumption. This driver may be prospectively reduced to a chip.
Keyword ：
Actuator Actuator contactor contactor estimation estimation self-tuning regulator self-tuning regulator
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhang, Changkun , Xu, Zhihong . An Adaptive Actuator Driver for AC Contactors [J]. | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS , 2024 , 71 (4) : 3904-3914 . |
| MLA | Zhang, Changkun 等. "An Adaptive Actuator Driver for AC Contactors" . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 71 . 4 (2024) : 3904-3914 . |
| APA | Zhang, Changkun , Xu, Zhihong . An Adaptive Actuator Driver for AC Contactors . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS , 2024 , 71 (4) , 3904-3914 . |
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This paper designs an intelligent control module with STM32F103 microcontroller as the core, aiming at the 400A unipolar electromagnetic switch developed by our research team. This module has realized the joint optimization of bounce suppression of the closing process, adaptive adjustment of closing time, collaborative optimization of the holding process reliability and energy-saving operation. Firstly, the step control strategy is adopted to effectively shorten the contact bounce time. Secondly, the dynamic iron displacement observer is constructed to successfully realize the adaptive switching of closing and holding processes. In addition, a collaborative optimization strategy based on the change of current slope is proposed for the characteristic difference of different reaction spring. This strategy optimizes the electromagnetic suction force by automatically adjusting the holding current, realizing reliable and energy-saving operation. Experimental verification confirms the effectiveness of bounce suppression and collaborative optimization strategies.
Keyword ：
adaptive stage switching adaptive stage switching collaborative optimization collaborative optimization contact bounce suppression contact bounce suppression intelligent electromagnetic switch intelligent electromagnetic switch
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| GB/T 7714 | Huang, Jinru , Xu, Zhihong , Chen, Qitao . The Intelligent Electromagnetic Switch Bounce Suppression and Holding Process Collaborative Optimization Control Strategy [J]. | 2024 IEEE 19TH CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, ICIEA 2024 , 2024 . |
| MLA | Huang, Jinru 等. "The Intelligent Electromagnetic Switch Bounce Suppression and Holding Process Collaborative Optimization Control Strategy" . | 2024 IEEE 19TH CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, ICIEA 2024 (2024) . |
| APA | Huang, Jinru , Xu, Zhihong , Chen, Qitao . The Intelligent Electromagnetic Switch Bounce Suppression and Holding Process Collaborative Optimization Control Strategy . | 2024 IEEE 19TH CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, ICIEA 2024 , 2024 . |
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Arc fault is a prevalent phenomenon in low-voltage residential power systems and the main cause of electrical fires. This paper explores the fire risks associated with arc faults and employs standards from arc fault detection devices (AFDD) to create an arc fault experimental system complemented by an integrated multi-sensor system for ignition related data collection. The objective is to synthetically examine the dynamic characteristics and ignition mechanisms of arc faults. This paper investigates the generation mechanisms, waveforms, and energy characteristics of arc faults, including waveform distinctions across different load types and patterns of energy variation during arcing. Data from the multi-sensor system become the cornerstone of the correlation analysis between the current, energy, and ignition phenomena, facilitating the construction of an ignition probability model based on maximum likelihood estimation. The reliability of the model is verified across various datasets with a 95 % confidence interval, offering a quantitative fire-inducing risk assessment of arc faults. Furthermore, the paper assesses the AFDD standards' break time limits and evaluates the performance of seven AFDD prototypes based on the proposed model, demonstrating the effectiveness of this technology in mitigating the risks of fires induced by arc faults. This study systematically analyzes the behaviors and ignition mechanisms of arc faults, thereby providing scientific evidence and data that support the enhancement of arc fault detection technologies and the development of fire prevention strategies.
Keyword ：
AFDD (arc fault detection device) AFDD (arc fault detection device) Arc fault Arc fault Electrical fire Electrical fire Energy characteristics Energy characteristics Ignition probability Ignition probability
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| GB/T 7714 | Du, Liwei , Shen, Yulong , Xu, Zhihong et al. Characteristics and fire-inducing risk analyses of arc faults in low-voltage electrical systems [J]. | ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH , 2024 , 238 . |
| MLA | Du, Liwei et al. "Characteristics and fire-inducing risk analyses of arc faults in low-voltage electrical systems" . | ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH 238 (2024) . |
| APA | Du, Liwei , Shen, Yulong , Xu, Zhihong , Chen, Lijun , Chen, Duanyu . Characteristics and fire-inducing risk analyses of arc faults in low-voltage electrical systems . | ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH , 2024 , 238 . |
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Abstract ：
The arc extinguishing system is the main component of the micro circuit breaker, and the structural parameters such as the arc extinguishing grid, the size of the outlet hole, and the contact angle affect the breaking capacity of the micro circuit breaker. In this paper, an arc simulation model is built based on magnetohydrodynamics. On this basis, the transient process of short-circuit current is taken into account to improve the accuracy of the simulation model, and the validity of the model is verified by experiments. Based on the simulation model, the influence of arc extinguishing grid and outlet hole size on the arc extinguishing ability of micro circuit breaker is analyzed by arc shape and external characteristics. The results show that increasing the arc extinguishing grid will make it difficult for the arc to enter the grid, but at the same time, it can increase the arc voltage and promote the extinction of the arc. In terms of the outlet hole, the uneven distribution of the arc when the outlet hole size is 2 mm and 4 mm will cause the arc to blow out from the grid, and the phenomenon of the arc blowing out from the grid can be effectively avoided when the outlet hole size is 3 mm. © Beijing Paike Culture Commu. Co., Ltd. 2024.
Keyword ：
Circuit simulation Circuit simulation Contact angle Contact angle Electric circuit breakers Electric circuit breakers Magnetohydrodynamics Magnetohydrodynamics Timing circuits Timing circuits
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Xiaodong , Liu, Xiangjun , Xu, Zhihong . Simulation and Research on Short Circuit Breaking Arc Characteristics of Micro Circuit Breaker [C] . 2024 : 32-40 . |
| MLA | Li, Xiaodong et al. "Simulation and Research on Short Circuit Breaking Arc Characteristics of Micro Circuit Breaker" . (2024) : 32-40 . |
| APA | Li, Xiaodong , Liu, Xiangjun , Xu, Zhihong . Simulation and Research on Short Circuit Breaking Arc Characteristics of Micro Circuit Breaker . (2024) : 32-40 . |
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The accuracy of machine learning-based arc fault diagnosis methods relies on the quality of the selected features. First, an experimental system is constructed for collecting realistic arc fault current signals, and different multi-domain feature extraction methods are described. Then, the feature relationships are investigated using various correlation methods to reveal the negative impact of weakly relevant or redundant features on the machine learning model. Based on the combination of feature clustering (FC) and maximal information coefficient (MIC), this paper proposes a feature selection (FS) strategy. The strategy searches for cluster centers through FC and merging processes to obtain non-redundant features with the highest representational abilities. The elimination of weakly relevant clusters and the selection of the most relevant features within clusters are performed based on the MIC scores. Subsequently, a valid feature subset with the highest representativeness and relevance is selected to improve the accuracy of arc fault diagnosis. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated against several popular FS strategies using three typical classifiers on different arc fault feature datasets, and the results show that the strategy effectively improves the accuracy of fault diagnosis. In addition, the cross-validation and hardware tests verify the stability, interference immunity, and feasibility of the proposed method for practical applications.
Keyword ：
Arc fault Arc fault Circuit faults Circuit faults Correlation Correlation fault diagnosis fault diagnosis Fault diagnosis Fault diagnosis feature clustering (FC) feature clustering (FC) feature correlation feature correlation Feature extraction Feature extraction feature selection (FS) feature selection (FS) Harmonic analysis Harmonic analysis Standards Standards Time-frequency analysis Time-frequency analysis
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| GB/T 7714 | Du, Liwei , Shen, Yulong , Xu, Zhihong et al. Enhancing Arc Fault Diagnosis Method Using Feature Selection Strategy Based on Feature Clustering and Maximal Information Coefficient [J]. | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS , 2024 , 60 (2) : 3006-3017 . |
| MLA | Du, Liwei et al. "Enhancing Arc Fault Diagnosis Method Using Feature Selection Strategy Based on Feature Clustering and Maximal Information Coefficient" . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS 60 . 2 (2024) : 3006-3017 . |
| APA | Du, Liwei , Shen, Yulong , Xu, Zhihong , Chen, Duanyu . Enhancing Arc Fault Diagnosis Method Using Feature Selection Strategy Based on Feature Clustering and Maximal Information Coefficient . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS , 2024 , 60 (2) , 3006-3017 . |
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There are a large number of single-phase loads with random power consumption in the distribution area, which leads to load imbalance and affects the power quality and power supply reliability of the distribution area. Adjusting load phase by automatic switching switch is an effective scheme to control load imbalance. In view of the installation position and number of switches and the switching control of load in this scheme, this paper uses the niche particle swarm based on chaotic mutation to configure the switch and switch the load, and completes the construction of the three-phase load automatic switching system in the distribution station area. Finally, the simulation results show that the three-phase load automatic switching system can achieve better three-phase load imbalance control effect under lower planning cost. © 2024 IEEE.
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| GB/T 7714 | Chen, Q. , Xu, Z. , Chen, X. . Research on the Configuration Scheme and Control Strategy of Automatic Switch in Distribution Station Area [未知]. |
| MLA | Chen, Q. et al. "Research on the Configuration Scheme and Control Strategy of Automatic Switch in Distribution Station Area" [未知]. |
| APA | Chen, Q. , Xu, Z. , Chen, X. . Research on the Configuration Scheme and Control Strategy of Automatic Switch in Distribution Station Area [未知]. |
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The objective of this article is to experimentally investigate the dispersion of breakdown (BD) voltage for double vacuum gaps (VGs) in series under a lightning impulse voltage. In the experiments, the double VGs were built up by vertically connecting two pairs of copper sphere-plane electrodes in series. The diameters of the sphere and plane electrode was 30 and 50 mm, respectively. The total gap distance dT of two VGs was set as 4.0 and 5.0 mm. The experimental results express that, for both single VG and double VGs in series, with the increase of gap distance, not only the fluctuation range of BD voltage significantly increased, but also the dispersion of BD voltage became larger. By comparison, the 50% BD voltage of double VGs was higher than the single VG with the same dT, which confirms the saturation effect of BD voltage for a long VG could be reduced by series-connecting multiple VGs. Moreover, under dT of 4.0 and 5.0 mm, as single VG increased to double VGs, 100% BD voltage significantly increased by over 20 kV and 0% BD voltage slightly decreased by around 3 kV. Thus, the double VGs in series had a larger dispersion of BD voltage than the single VG. © 2024 IEEE.
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| GB/T 7714 | Shen, J. , Xu, Z. , Geng, Y. et al. Investigation on Dispersion of Breakdown Voltage for Double Vacuum Gaps in Series Under Lightning Impulse Voltage [未知]. |
| MLA | Shen, J. et al. "Investigation on Dispersion of Breakdown Voltage for Double Vacuum Gaps in Series Under Lightning Impulse Voltage" [未知]. |
| APA | Shen, J. , Xu, Z. , Geng, Y. , Liu, Z. , Wang, J. . Investigation on Dispersion of Breakdown Voltage for Double Vacuum Gaps in Series Under Lightning Impulse Voltage [未知]. |
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