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学者姓名：林瑞全
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Abstract ：
Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) adds the cognitive engine based on traditional Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which can improve spectrum utilization. However, spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attacks pose a threat to CIoV network security. To ensure the full utilization of spectrum resources and protect primary users transmission, this article combines blockchain with CIoV to defend against SSDF attacks in the presence of vehicle users (VUs) entering and leaving the network. Specifically, this article introduces a virtual currency called Sencoins serve as credential for VUs to purchase transmission shares. And this article proposes a reward and punishment mechanism and a hybrid Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and Proof-of-Work (PoW) mining model to thwart the motivation of the VUs to launch SSDF attacks. On this basis, this article investigates the dynamics of SSDF attack strategy choice of VUs, and uses the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) to determine the critical value of Sencoins that avoids the system to exhibit chaotic behavior. To describe the uncertainty of the population proportion of VUs that choose different attack strategies due to high-speed movement and the VUs entering and leaving the CIoV network, this article introduces Gaussian white noise into the replication dynamics equation and builds the It & ocirc; stochastic evolutionary game model, and solves it according to the stability judgment theorem of stochastic differential equations and stochastic Taylor expansion. Finally, simulation results verify that the proposed method can quickly and effectively thwart SSDF attacks in the CIoV network. And compared with traditional methods, the proposed method can improve the efficiency of defending against SSDF attacks by 567% and the average throughput by 25%.
Keyword ：
Blockchain Blockchain Blockchains Blockchains Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) Data models Data models Games Games Interference Interference Internet of Vehicles Internet of Vehicles Security Security Sensors Sensors spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack stochastic evolutionary game stochastic evolutionary game Stochastic processes Stochastic processes Throughput Throughput Wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor networks
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Fushuai , Lin, Ruiquan , Chen, Wencheng et al. Thwarting SSDF Attacks From High-Speed Movement VUs in the CIoV Network: Based on Blockchain and Stochastic Evolutionary Game [J]. | IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL , 2025 , 12 (2) : 2233-2250 . |
| MLA | Li, Fushuai et al. "Thwarting SSDF Attacks From High-Speed Movement VUs in the CIoV Network: Based on Blockchain and Stochastic Evolutionary Game" . | IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 12 . 2 (2025) : 2233-2250 . |
| APA | Li, Fushuai , Lin, Ruiquan , Chen, Wencheng , Wang, Jun , Shu, Feng , Chen, Riqing . Thwarting SSDF Attacks From High-Speed Movement VUs in the CIoV Network: Based on Blockchain and Stochastic Evolutionary Game . | IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL , 2025 , 12 (2) , 2233-2250 . |
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Rapid identification of peanut seed quality is crucial for public health. In this study, we present a terahertz wave imaging system using a convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning approach. Terahertz waves are capable of penetrating the seed shell to identify the quality of peanuts without causing any damage to the seeds. The specificity of seed quality on terahertz wave images is investigated, and the image characteristics of five different qualities are summarized. Terahertz wave images are digitized and used for training and testing of convolutional neural networks, resulting in a high model accuracy of 98.7% in quality identification. The trained THz-CNNs system can accurately identify standard, mildewed, defective, dried and germinated seeds, with an average detection time of 2.2 s. This process does not require any sample preparation steps such as concentration or culture. Our method swiftly and accurately assesses shelled seed quality non-destructively. © 2024 The Authors
Keyword ：
Aflatoxin Aflatoxin Machine learning Machine learning Peanut Peanut Quality identification Quality identification Terahertz imaging technology Terahertz imaging technology
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| GB/T 7714 | Jiang, W. , Wang, J. , Lin, R. et al. Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut [J]. | Food Chemistry: X , 2024 , 23 . |
| MLA | Jiang, W. et al. "Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut" . | Food Chemistry: X 23 (2024) . |
| APA | Jiang, W. , Wang, J. , Lin, R. , Chen, R. , Chen, W. , Xie, X. et al. Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut . | Food Chemistry: X , 2024 , 23 . |
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Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) permits Secondary Users (SUs) to use the spectrum bands owned by Primary Users (PUs) opportunistically. However, in the absence of the PUs, the selfish SUs could mislead the normal SUs to leave the spectrum bands by initiating a Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA). In addition, the application of Energy Harvesting (EH) technology can exacerbate the threat of security. Because the energy cost of initiating a PUEA is offset to some extent by EH technology which can proactively replenish the energy of the selfish nodes. Thus, EH technology can increase the motivation of the selfish SUs to initiate a PUEA. To address the higher motivation of the selfish SUs attacking in CIIoT scenario where the EH technology is applied, in this paper, an EH-PUEA system model is first established to study the security countermeasures in this severe scenario of PUEA problems. Next, a new reward and punishment defense management mechanism is proposed, and then the dynamics of the selfish SUs and the normal SUs in a CIIoT network are studied based on Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), and the punishment parameter is adjusted according to the dynamics of the selfish SUs to reduce the proportion of the selfish SUs’ group choosing an attack strategy, so as to increase the throughput achieved by the normal SUs’ group. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is superior to the conventional mechanism in terms of throughput achieved by the normal SUs’ group in CIIoT scenario with EH technology applied. IEEE
Keyword ：
Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) Energy harvesting Energy harvesting energy harvesting (EH) energy harvesting (EH) evolutionary game theory (EGT) evolutionary game theory (EGT) Games Games Game theory Game theory Industrial Internet of Things Industrial Internet of Things Jamming Jamming primary user emulation attack (PUEA) primary user emulation attack (PUEA) Security Security Throughput Throughput
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, J. , Pei, H. , Wang, R. et al. Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things [J]. | IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management , 2024 , 21 (4) : 1-1 . |
| MLA | Wang, J. et al. "Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things" . | IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management 21 . 4 (2024) : 1-1 . |
| APA | Wang, J. , Pei, H. , Wang, R. , Lin, R. , Fang, Z. , Shu, F. . Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things . | IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management , 2024 , 21 (4) , 1-1 . |
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In the Energy-Harvesting (EH) Cognitive Internet of Things (EH-CIoT) network, due to the broadcast nature of wireless communication, the EH-CIoT network is susceptible to jamming attacks, which leads to a serious decrease in throughput. Therefore, this paper investigates an anti-jamming resource-allocation method, aiming to maximize the Long-Term Throughput (LTT) of the EH-CIoT network. Specifically, the resource-allocation problem is modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) without prior knowledge. On this basis, this paper carefully designs a two-dimensional reward function that includes throughput and energy rewards. On the one hand, the Agent Base Station (ABS) intuitively evaluates the effectiveness of its actions through throughput rewards to maximize the LTT. On the other hand, considering the EH characteristics and battery capacity limitations, this paper proposes energy rewards to guide the ABS to reasonably allocate channels for Secondary Users (SUs) with insufficient power to harvest more energy for transmission, which can indirectly improve the LTT. In the case where the activity states of Primary Users (PUs), channel information and the jamming strategies of the jammer are not available in advance, this paper proposes a Linearly Weighted Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (LWDDPG) algorithm to maximize the LTT. The LWDDPG is extended from DDPG to adapt to the design of the two-dimensional reward function, which enables the ABS to reasonably allocate transmission channels, continuous power and work modes to the SUs, and to let the SUs not only transmit on unjammed channels, but also harvest more RF energy to supplement the battery power. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method compared with traditional methods under multiple jamming attacks. © 2024 by the authors.
Keyword ：
anti-jamming method anti-jamming method EH-CIoT network EH-CIoT network linearly weighted deep deterministic policy gradient linearly weighted deep deterministic policy gradient resource allocation resource allocation
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, F. , Bao, J. , Wang, J. et al. Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm [J]. | Sensors , 2024 , 24 (16) . |
| MLA | Li, F. et al. "Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm" . | Sensors 24 . 16 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, F. , Bao, J. , Wang, J. , Liu, D. , Chen, W. , Lin, R. . Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm . | Sensors , 2024 , 24 (16) . |
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Abstract ：
In the Energy-Harvesting (EH) Cognitive Internet of Things (EH-CIoT) network, due to the broadcast nature of wireless communication, the EH-CIoT network is susceptible to jamming attacks, which leads to a serious decrease in throughput. Therefore, this paper investigates an anti-jamming resource-allocation method, aiming to maximize the Long-Term Throughput (LTT) of the EH-CIoT network. Specifically, the resource-allocation problem is modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) without prior knowledge. On this basis, this paper carefully designs a two-dimensional reward function that includes throughput and energy rewards. On the one hand, the Agent Base Station (ABS) intuitively evaluates the effectiveness of its actions through throughput rewards to maximize the LTT. On the other hand, considering the EH characteristics and battery capacity limitations, this paper proposes energy rewards to guide the ABS to reasonably allocate channels for Secondary Users (SUs) with insufficient power to harvest more energy for transmission, which can indirectly improve the LTT. In the case where the activity states of Primary Users (PUs), channel information and the jamming strategies of the jammer are not available in advance, this paper proposes a Linearly Weighted Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (LWDDPG) algorithm to maximize the LTT. The LWDDPG is extended from DDPG to adapt to the design of the two-dimensional reward function, which enables the ABS to reasonably allocate transmission channels, continuous power and work modes to the SUs, and to let the SUs not only transmit on unjammed channels, but also harvest more RF energy to supplement the battery power. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method compared with traditional methods under multiple jamming attacks.
Keyword ：
anti-jamming method anti-jamming method EH-CIoT network EH-CIoT network linearly weighted deep deterministic policy gradient linearly weighted deep deterministic policy gradient resource allocation resource allocation
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| GB/T 7714 | Li, Fushuai , Bao, Jiawang , Wang, Jun et al. Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm [J]. | SENSORS , 2024 , 24 (16) . |
| MLA | Li, Fushuai et al. "Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm" . | SENSORS 24 . 16 (2024) . |
| APA | Li, Fushuai , Bao, Jiawang , Wang, Jun , Liu, Da , Chen, Wencheng , Lin, Ruiquan . Anti-Jamming Resource-Allocation Method in the EH-CIoT Network through LWDDPG Algorithm . | SENSORS , 2024 , 24 (16) . |
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The high-speed movement of Vehicle Users (VUs) in Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) causes rapid changes in users location and path loss. In the case of imperfect control channels, the influence of high-speed movement increases the probability of error in sending local spectrum sensing decisions by VUs. On the other hand, Malicious Vehicle Users (MVUs) can launch Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attacks to deteriorate the spectrum sensing decisions, mislead the final spectrum sensing decisions of Collaborative Spectrum Sensing (CSS), and bring serious security problems to the system. In addition, the high-speed movement can increases the concealment of the MVUs. In this paper, we study the scenario of VUs moving at high speeds, and data transmission in an imperfect control channel, and propose a blockchain-based method to defend against massive SSDF attacks in CIoV networks to prevennt independent and cooperative attacks from MVUs. The proposed method combines blockchain with spectrum sensing and spectrum access, abandons the decision-making mechanism of the Fusion Center (FC) in the traditional CSS, adopts distributed decision-making, and uses Prospect Theory (PT) modeling in the decision-making process, effectively improves the correct rate of final spectrum sensing decision in the case of multiple attacks. The local spectrum sensing decisions of VUs are packaged into blocks and uploaded after the final decision to achieve more accurate and secure spectrum sensing, and then identify MVUs by the reputation value. In addition, a smart contract that changes the mining difficulty of VUs based on their reputation values is proposed. It makes the mining difficulty of MVUs more difficult and effectively limits MVUs' access to the spectrum band. The final simulation results demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method compared with traditional methods.
Keyword ：
blockchain blockchain Blockchains Blockchains Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) Cognitive Internet of Vehicles (CIoV) Data communication Data communication Decision making Decision making History History Internet of Vehicles Internet of Vehicles prospect theory (PT) prospect theory (PT) Sensors Sensors smart contract smart contract Smart contracts Smart contracts spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack
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| GB/T 7714 | Lin, Ruiquan , Li, Fushuai , Wang, Jun et al. A Blockchain-Based Method to Defend Against Massive SSDF Attacks in Cognitive Internet of Vehicles [J]. | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 73 (5) : 6954-6967 . |
| MLA | Lin, Ruiquan et al. "A Blockchain-Based Method to Defend Against Massive SSDF Attacks in Cognitive Internet of Vehicles" . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 73 . 5 (2024) : 6954-6967 . |
| APA | Lin, Ruiquan , Li, Fushuai , Wang, Jun , Hu, Jinsong , Zhang, Zaichen , Wu, Liang . A Blockchain-Based Method to Defend Against Massive SSDF Attacks in Cognitive Internet of Vehicles . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY , 2024 , 73 (5) , 6954-6967 . |
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In Cognitive Radio (CR) networks combined with Energy Harvesting (EH) technology, Secondary Users (SUs) are vulnerable to jamming attacks when sensing idle channels. At the same time, they may encounter numerous jamming and eavesdropping attacks during the data transmission phase. This paper examines the scenario in which SUs are susceptible to malicious attacks and energy constraints in both the sensing and transmission phases. We propose a utility function applicable to a single time slot. The blockchain uses Smart Contract (SC) technology to set rewards and punishments for users' channel selection behavior and adjust mining difficulty. This method combines blockchain with spectrum sensing data fusion, abandons the decision-making mechanism of the traditional Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) Fusion Center (FC), and adopts a distributed structure to ensure the security and reliability of sensing data fusion. In addition, this paper uses the potential game and the Stackelberg game to study the optimal transmission channel and optimal time slot allocation strategy for SUs under malicious attacks. Considering the possible interference caused by channel switching and the greedy principle of Malicious User (MU), the proposed two-layer game method gradually optimizes the sensing detection probability and secure communication rate with time slot iteration. In order to further improve the secure communication rate, an iterative update formula for transmission power is given to make reasonable use of the remaining energy of each SU at the end of each time slot. Simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to traditional methods in both sensing performance and secure communication rate.
Keyword ：
blockchain blockchain Blockchains Blockchains Eavesdropping Eavesdropping eavesdropping attack eavesdropping attack Energy harvesting Energy harvesting Full-duplex system Full-duplex system Games Games Jamming Jamming jamming attack jamming attack Power system reliability Power system reliability Probability Probability Security Security Sensors Sensors Throughput Throughput two-layer game two-layer game
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| GB/T 7714 | Hou, Haifeng , Lin, Ruiquan , Wang, Jun et al. Blockchain and Game Theory-Based Strategies for Anti-Jamming and Eavesdropping in EH-CR Networks [J]. | IEEE ACCESS , 2024 , 12 : 146996-147011 . |
| MLA | Hou, Haifeng et al. "Blockchain and Game Theory-Based Strategies for Anti-Jamming and Eavesdropping in EH-CR Networks" . | IEEE ACCESS 12 (2024) : 146996-147011 . |
| APA | Hou, Haifeng , Lin, Ruiquan , Wang, Jun , Li, Sheng , Chen, Wencheng . Blockchain and Game Theory-Based Strategies for Anti-Jamming and Eavesdropping in EH-CR Networks . | IEEE ACCESS , 2024 , 12 , 146996-147011 . |
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| GB/T 7714 | Liao, Jianbin , Yu, Hongliang , Jiang, Weibin et al. Optimal resource allocation method for energy harvesting based underlay Cognitive Radio networks (vol 18, e0279886, 2023) [J]. | PLOS ONE , 2024 , 19 (12) . |
| MLA | Liao, Jianbin et al. "Optimal resource allocation method for energy harvesting based underlay Cognitive Radio networks (vol 18, e0279886, 2023)" . | PLOS ONE 19 . 12 (2024) . |
| APA | Liao, Jianbin , Yu, Hongliang , Jiang, Weibin , Lin, Ruiquan , Wang, Jun . Optimal resource allocation method for energy harvesting based underlay Cognitive Radio networks (vol 18, e0279886, 2023) . | PLOS ONE , 2024 , 19 (12) . |
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Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) permits Secondary Users (SUs) to use the spectrum bands owned by Primary Users (PUs) opportunistically. However, in the absence of the PUs, the selfish SUs could mislead the normal SUs to leave the spectrum bands by initiating a Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA). In addition, the application of Energy Harvesting (EH) technology can exacerbate the threat of security. Because the energy cost of initiating a PUEA is offset to some extent by EH technology which can proactively replenish the energy of the selfish nodes. Thus, EH technology can increase the motivation of the selfish SUs to initiate a PUEA. To address the higher motivation of the selfish SUs attacking in CIIoT scenario where the EH technology is applied, in this paper, an EH-PUEA system model is first established to study the security countermeasures in this severe scenario of PUEA problems. Next, a new reward and punishment defense management mechanism is proposed, and then the dynamics of the selfish SUs and the normal SUs in a CIIoT network are studied based on Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), and the punishment parameter is adjusted according to the dynamics of the selfish SUs to reduce the proportion of the selfish SUs' group choosing an attack strategy, so as to increase the throughput achieved by the normal SUs' group. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is superior to the conventional mechanism in terms of throughput achieved by the normal SUs' group in CIIoT scenario with EH technology applied.
Keyword ：
Cognitive industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) Cognitive industrial Internet of Things (CIIoT) Energy harvesting Energy harvesting energy harvesting (EH) energy harvesting (EH) evolutionary game theory (EGT) evolutionary game theory (EGT) Games Games Game theory Game theory Industrial Internet of Things Industrial Internet of Things Jamming Jamming primary user emulation attack (PUEA) primary user emulation attack (PUEA) Security Security Throughput Throughput
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| GB/T 7714 | Wang, Jun , Pei, Hai , Wang, Ruiliang et al. Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things [J]. | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT , 2024 , 21 (4) : 4777-4786 . |
| MLA | Wang, Jun et al. "Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things" . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 21 . 4 (2024) : 4777-4786 . |
| APA | Wang, Jun , Pei, Hai , Wang, Ruiliang , Lin, Ruiquan , Fang, Zhou , Shu, Feng . Defense Management Mechanism for Primary User Emulation Attack Based on Evolutionary Game in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Industrial Internet of Things . | IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT , 2024 , 21 (4) , 4777-4786 . |
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Abstract ：
Rapid identification of peanut seed quality is crucial for public health. In this study, we present a terahertz wave imaging system using a convolutional neural network (CNN) machine learning approach. Terahertz waves are capable of penetrating the seed shell to identify the quality of peanuts without causing any damage to the seeds. The specificity of seed quality on terahertz wave images is investigated, and the image characteristics of five different qualities are summarized. Terahertz wave images are digitized and used for training and testing of convolutional neural networks, resulting in a high model accuracy of 98.7% in quality identification. The trained THz-CNNs system can accurately identify standard, mildewed, defective, dried and germinated seeds, with an average detection time of 2.2 s. This process does not require any sample preparation steps such as concentration or culture. Our method swiftly and accurately assesses shelled seed quality non-destructively.
Keyword ：
Aflatoxin Aflatoxin Machine learning Machine learning Peanut Peanut Quality identification Quality identification Terahertz imaging technology Terahertz imaging technology
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| GB/T 7714 | Jiang, Weibin , Wang, Jun , Lin, Ruiquan et al. Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut [J]. | FOOD CHEMISTRY-X , 2024 , 23 . |
| MLA | Jiang, Weibin et al. "Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut" . | FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 23 (2024) . |
| APA | Jiang, Weibin , Wang, Jun , Lin, Ruiquan , Chen, Riqing , Chen, Wencheng , Xie, Xin et al. Machine learning-based non-destructive terahertz detection of seed quality in peanut . | FOOD CHEMISTRY-X , 2024 , 23 . |
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