One-dimension　cerium　phosphate　nanomaterials　were　synthesized　via　a　hydrothermal　method,　using　surfactant　P123　as　template,　by　changing　pH　values　and　comparing　the　influence　on　the　morphology　and　properties,　and　a　possible　mechanism　for　fabricating　one-dimension　cerium　phosphate　nanomaterials　was　proposed.　X-ray　diffraction,　field　transmission　electron　microscope,　photoluminescence,　Fourier　transform　infrared　spectra　were　used　for　characterization.　The　results　show　that　when　the　pH　is　9,　nanoparticles　of　cerium　phosphate　were　got　and　the　average　sizes　of　the　particles　were　20-30　nm.　As　the　pH　value　decreases,　hexagonal　cerium　phosphate　nanocrystals　grows　along　one-dimension,　when　the　pH　was　1,　hexagonal　cerium　phosphate　of　one-dimensional　nanocrystals　with　the　ratio　of　30-40　are　prepared;　Its　photoluminescence　emission　is　greatly　enhanced　from　8247　to　93600　as　the　decreasing　of　pH　value.