Silicon-based　anode　materials　have　been　widely　discussed　by　researchers　because　of　its　high　theoretical　capacity,　abundant　resources　and　low　working　voltage　platform,　which　has　been　considered　to　be　the　most　promising　anode　materials　for　lithium-ion　batteries.　However,　there　are　some　problems　existing　in　the　silicon-based　anode　materials　greatly　limit　its　wide　application:　during　the　process　of　charge/discharge,　the　materials　are　prone　to　about　300%　volume　expansion,　which　will　result　in　huge　stress-strain　and　crushing　or　collapse　on　the　anods;　in　the　process　of　lithium　removal,　there　is　some　reaction　between　active　material　and　current　collector,　which　creat　an　increase　in　the　thickness　of　the　solid　phase　electrolytic　layer(SEI　film);　during　charging　and　discharging,　with　the　increase　of　cycle　times,　cracks　will　appear　on　the　surface　of　silicon-based　anode　materials,　which　will　cause　the　batteries　life　to　decline.　In　order　to　solve　these　problems,　firstly,　we　summarize　the　design　of　porous　structure　of　nanometer　sized　silicon-based　materials　and　focus　on　the　construction　of　three-dimensional　structural　silicon-based　materials,　which　using　natural　biomass,　nanoporous　carbon　and　metal　organic　framework　as　structural　template.　The　three-dimensional　structure　not　only　increases　the　channel　of　lithium-ion　intercalation　and　the　rate　of　ion　intercalation,　but　also　makes　the　structure　more　stable　than　one-dimensional　or　two-dimensional.　Secondly,　the　Si/C　composite,　SiOx　composite　and　alloying　treatment　can　improve　the　volume　expansion　effection,　increase　the　rate　of　lithium-ion　deblocking　and　optimize　the　electrochemical　performance　of　the　material.　The　composite　materials　are　usually　coated　with　elastic　conductive　materials　on　the　surface　to　reduce　the　stress,　increase　the　conductivity　and　improve　the　electrochemical　performance.　Finally,　the　future　research　direction　of　silicon-based　anode　materials　is　prospected.　©　2021　Trans　Tech　Publications　Ltd,　Switzerland.