Smilax　china　L.　is　used　not　only　as　a　kind　of　traditional　Chinese　herbal　medicinal　ingredients　with　various　pharmacological　properties,　but　also　as　food　in　certain　parts　of　China.　However,　it　is　by　far　still　unclear　whether　Smilax　china　L.　polyphenols　(SCP),　as　important　bioactive　constituents　in　Smilax　china　L.,　have　effects　on　inflammatory　bowel　diseases　(IBD).　This　study　investigated　the　impact　of　SCP　on　the　dextran　sulfate　sodium　(DSS)-induced　IBD　and　gut　microbiota　in　mice.　SCP　treatments　ameliorated　typical　symptoms　of　IBD　as　what　was　reflected　through　suppressing　body　weight　loss,　colonic　shortening,　intestinal　barrier　damage,　and　increasing　intestinal　disease　activity　index.　SCP　treatments　simultaneously　decreased　the　release　of　proinflammatory　cytokines　and　oxidative　stress,　as　well　as　promoted　the　release　of　anti-inflammatory　factors.　Furthermore,　SCP　ameliorated　the　ecological　imbalance　of　gut　microbiota　and　regulated　the　key　bacteria　associated　with　IBD　(including　Akkermansiaceae,　Ruminococcaceae,　Acidaminococcaceae,　Muribaculaceae,　and　Anaeroplasmataceae).　In　general,　SCP　may　improve　DSS-induced　IBD　in　mice　by　regulating　inflammatory　factors,　inhibiting　oxidative　stress,　reducing　intestinal　tissue　damage,　and　regulating　the　ecological　imbalance　of　intestinal　microbiota.　Thus,　SCP　might　serve　as　a　potential　therapeutic　agent　against　the　inflammation-driven　diseases.