Single-atom　catalysts　(SACs)　have　gained　substantial　attention　because　of　their　exceptional　catalytic　properties.　However,　the　high　surface　energy　limits　their　synthesis,　thus　creating　significant　challenges　for　further　development.　In　the　last　few　years,　metal-organic　frameworks　(MOFs)　have　received　significant　consideration　as　ideal　candidates　for　synthesizing　SACs　due　to　their　tailorable　chemistry,　tunable　morphologies,　high　porosity,　and　chemical/thermal　stability.　From　this　perspective,　this　review　thoroughly　summarizes　the　previously　reported　methods　and　possible　future　approaches　for　constructing　MOF-based　(MOF-derived-supported　and　MOF-supported)　SACs.　Then,　MOF-based　SAC＇s　identification　techniques　are　briefly　assessed　to　understand　their　coordination　environments,　local　electronic　structures,　spatial　distributions,　and　catalytic/electrochemical　reaction　mechanisms.　This　review　systematically　highlights　several　photocatalytic　and　electrocatalytic　applications　of　MOF-based　SACs　for　energy　conversion　and　storage,　including　hydrogen　evolution　reactions,　oxygen　evolution　reactions,　O-2/CO2/N-2　reduction　reactions,　fuel　cells,　and　rechargeable　batteries.　Some　light　is　also　shed　on　the　future　development　of　this　highly　exciting　field　by　highlighting　the　advantages　and　limitations　of　MOF-based　SACs.