While　the　single-particle　impact　model　is　widely　used　in　studying　the　high-velocity　impact　behavior　of　particles,　its　scope　is　limited　to　the　interaction　between　an　individual　particle　and　the　substrate.　In　this　work,　a　multi-particle　molecular　dynamics　model　was　established　to　investigate　the　impact　behavior　of　Cu　nanoparticles　and　the　surface　quality　of　coatings.　It　was　found　that　with　the　increase　in　particles＇　impact　velocity　from　100　m/s　to　1500　m/s,　three　distinct　coating　structures　can　be　identified:　adhesion　between　nanoparticles,　co-deformation,　and　liquefaction.　Due　to　the　anisotropy　of　plastic　deformation,　coatings　formed　by　particles　with　the　initial　orientation　[110]　displayed　the　roughest　surface,　while　those　aligned　with　[111]　and　[001]　exhibited　smoother　surfaces.　Additionally,　as　nanoscale　particles　possess　limited　kinetic　energy,　it　is　difficult　to　create　a　large　crater　on　the　surface　of　the　substrate.　Therefore,　it　was　necessary　to　elevate　the　temperature　to　soften　the　substrate,　which　can　increase　the　crater　depth　and　improve　bonding　quality.　A　successful　approach　to　enhancing　the　bonding　strength　and　surface　quality　of　coatings　involves　simultaneous　optimization　of　impact　velocity,　crystallographic　orientation　of　particles,　and　substrate　temperature.　©　2024　The　Authors