Land　use　changes　under　natural　and　anthropogenic　driving　factors　have　spatiotemporal　ecological　consequences,　and　these　need　to　be　identified　to　protect　biodiversity　and　the　robustness　of　ecosystems.　While　driving　factor　research　has　mainly　focused　on　the　impacts　of　univariate　statistical　correlation,　the　analysis　of　the　natural　and　anthropogenic　compound　driving　factors　and　the　spatiotemporal　correspondence　between　the　dynamic　characteristics　of　ecological　function　evolution　and　the　natural　and　anthropogenic　driving　processes　has　been　ignored.　On　the　basis　of　land　use　change,　spatiotemporal　ecosystem　services　and　natural　and　anthropogenic　driving　process　trajectories　were　linked　and　characterized　in　this　study.　In　the　Kaduna　River　Basin　(KRB),　Nigeria,　an　important　river　basin　the　country,　land　use　change　during　2000-2020　caused　by　both　natural　and　anthropogenic　processes　significantly　changed　the　ecosystem　services.　The　single　anthropogenic　driving　trajectories　were　1.3　times　greater　than　the　single　natural　driving　trajectories　and　2.02　times　greater　than　the　compound　driving　trajectories.　Carbon　storage　has　increased　by　15.6%　(8.5　x　106　t)　and　is　growing　at　a　decreasing　rate,　whereas　urbanization　and　reverse　succession　are　the　main　drivers　of　carbon　stock　decline.　Water　yield　has　steadily　increased　but　is　threatened　by　the　decline　induced　by　restoration,　reverse　succession,　and　urbanization.　Habitat　quality　initially　increased　(0.03)　but　then　decreased　(0.01),　with　urbanization　and　reclamation　being　the　main　drivers　of　its　degradation　throughout　the　study　period.　This　study　integrates　land　use,　driving　processes,　and　ecosystem　services　into　a　cohesive　analytical　framework,　thereby　overcoming　the　limitations　of　previous　research　that　examined　land　use　in　conjunction　with　each　of　the　other　two　elements　separately.　New　developments　and　methodological　steps　in　watershed　management　can　indicate　directions　to　reconcile　and　mitigate　the　conflict　between　socioeconomic　growth　and　improved　ecological　functioning　in　watershed　ecosystems.