Background:　Neoadjuvant　therapy,　given　before　surgery,　improves　surgical　outcomes　and　survival　in　patients　with　non-small　cell　lung　cancer　(NSCLC).　However,　there　is　limited　research　on　factors　influencing　postoperative　survival　and　recurrence.　This　study　aims　to　identify　key　prognostic　factors　following　lung　resection　after　neoadjuvant　therapy.　Methods:　We　analyzed　102　NSCLC　cases　with　preoperative　neoadjuvant　therapy,　excluding　48　due　to　cancer　progression,　insufficient　clinical　data,　loss　to　follow　up,　or　follow-up　duration　of　＜1　year.　The　Kaplan-Meier　and　multivariable　Cox　regression　model　were　used　to　assess　prognostic　factors　for　the　time　from　surgery　to　recurrence　or　last　follow-up　[recurrence-free　survival　(RFS)]　and　the　time　from　surgery　to　death　from　any　cause　or　last　follow-up　[overall　survival　(OS)].　Statistical　comparisons　were　performed　using　t-tests　for　continuous　variables　and　Chi-square　tests　for　categorical　variables.　Results:　Univariate　and　multivariate　analyses　identified　pre-neoadjuvant　carcinoembryonic　antigen　(CEA)　and　neutrophil-to-lymphocyte　ratio　(NLR)　as　significant　predictors　of　both　RFS　[pre-neoadjuvant　CEA:　hazard　ratio　(HR)　=12.190,　95%　confidence　interval　(CI):　2.236-66.459,　P=0.004;　pre-neoadjuvant　NLR:　HR　=2.946,　95%　CI:　1.325-6.552,　P=0.008]　and　OS　(pre-neoadjuvant　CEA:　HR　=3.545,　95%　CI:　1.372-9.161,　P=0.009;　pre-neoadjuvant　NLR:　HR　=3.783,　95%　CI:　1.444-9.909,　P=0.007)　in　NSCLC.　And　these　factors　were　especially　predictive　in　groups　of　lung　squamous　cell　carcinoma　(LUSC)　and　＜10%　residual　tumor.　CEA　and　NLR　were　stronger　predictors　of　RFS　than　OS,　with　HRs　of　7.751　and　5.627,　respectively.　Smoking　was　an　independent　predictor　of　RFS　in　LUSC　patients　(P＜0.05).　A　＞50%　reduction　in　tumor　size　on　post-neoadjuvant　computed　tomography　(CT)　correlated　with　minimal　pathological　response　(P＜0.05).　Age,　pre-neoadjuvant　CEA,　NLR,　programmed　cell　death　protein　1　(PD-1)　levels,　and　changes　in　mediastinal　lymph　nodes　on　post-neoadjuvant　CT　were　significantly　associated　with　tumor　recurrence　(P＜0.05).　Conclusions:　Pre-neoadjuvant　CEA　and　NLR　are　predictors　of　postoperative　survival.　Other　factors,　including　tumor　size　reduction　and　PD-1　levels,　should　be　considered　in　clinical　decision-making.