Background:　Brain　metastases　(BM)　in　non-small　cell　lung　cancer　(NSCLC)　are　associated　with　poor　prognosis,　and　the　role　of　primary　tumor　resection　(PTR)　remains　controversial.　This　study　aims　to　evaluate　the　role　of　PTR　in　NSCLC　patients　with　BM　and　develop　a　predictive　tool　to　identify　optimal　surgical　candidates.　Methods:　We　analyzed　data　from　608　patients　who　underwent　PTR　and　18,529　patients　who　did　not,　sourced　from　the　Surveillance,　Epidemiology,　and　End　Results　(SEER)　database.　Propensity　score　matching　(PSM),　a　statistical　method　to　balance　baseline　characteristics　between　treatment　groups,　was　performed　to　minimize　selection　bias.　We　utilized　Kaplan-Meier　(KM)　survival　analysis,　Cox　regression　analysis,　and　PSM　to　assess　the　impact　of　PTR　on　the　prognosis　of　BM　patients.　Logistic　regression　analysis　was　performed　to　identify　and　quantify　the　clinical　factors　that　influence　the　benefits　of　PTR　in　BM　patients,　which　informed　the　development　of　a　predictive　model.　The　model＇s　predictive　accuracy　and　clinical　applicability　were　evaluated　using　the　Concordance　index　(C-index),　F1　score,　receiver　operating　characteristic　(ROC)　curve,　calibration　curve,　and　decision　curve　analysis　(DCA),　with　42　patients　from　Fujian　Provincial　Hospital　serving　as　the　external　validation　cohort.　Results:　KM　survival　analysis　revealed　significant　survival　differences　between　the　PTR　and　non-PTR　groups,　both　before　and　after　PSM,　with　median　survival　times　of　15　and　7　months,　respectively.　PTR　was　identified　as　an　independent　clinical　factor　affecting　the　prognosis　of　BM　patients.　In　the　training　set,　the　C-index　for　the　model　was　0.7857　[95%　confidence　interval　(CI):　0.7387-0.8327].　In　the　validation　set,　the　C-index　was　0.7441　(95%　CI:　0.6674-0.8208),　and　in　the　external　validation　set,　it　was　0.7759　(95%　CI:　0.5855-0.9662).　The　F1　score　of　the　predictive　model　was　0.7667.　Analyses　of　the　ROC　curve,　calibration　curve,　and　DCA　indicated　that　the　model　exhibits　strong　accuracy　and　clinical　applicability.　Conclusions:　This　study　indicated　that　PTR　can　enhance　the　prognosis　of　NSCLC　patients　with　BM　and　also　establishes　an　effective　screening　tool　for　quantifying　the　likelihood　of　patient　benefiting　from　PTR　treatment.