Ocular　diseases　affect　over　2.2　billion　people　globally,　imposing　a　significant　socioeconomic　burden,　with　annual　productivity　losses　estimated　at　US$411　billion.　Conventional　drug　delivery　methods-topical,　local　injection,　and　systemic　administration-face　challenges　such　as　low　bioavailability　(＜5%),　rapid　clearance,　and　physiological　barriers　like　the　cornea　and　blood-retinal　barrier　(BRB).　Nanomedicine　offers　promising　solutions　by　enhancing　drug　bioavailability,　prolonging　release,　and　enabling　targeted　delivery.　This　review　explores　nanomedicine-based　ophthalmic　drug　delivery　systems,　including　organic　nanomaterials　(eg,　liposomes,　polymer　micelles,　dendrimers),　inorganic　nanomaterials　(eg,　metal　nanoparticles,　quantum　dots),　and　biological　components　(eg,　exosomes).　These　systems　improve　drug　penetration,　reduce　administration　frequency,　and　minimize　toxicity,　addressing　conditions　like　dry　eye　disease,　keratitis,　glaucoma,　uveitis,　age-related　macular　degeneration　(AMD),　diabetic　retinopathy　(DR),　and　retinal　vascular　occlusion　(RVO).　For　instance,　Ocular　Therapeutix　(OTX)-TP,　a　sustained-release　intracanalicular　implant　combining　poly　(ethylene　glycol)-based　hydrogel　with　travoprost-loaded　poly　(lactic　acid)　microspheres,　has　shown　therapeutic　efficacy　lasting　up　to　three　months　in　the　management　of　glaucoma　and　ocular　hypertension　in　Phase　III　clinical　trial.　Additionally,　a　liposomal　formulation　of　verteporfin,　approved　for　the　treatment　of　neovascular　AMD,　administered　intravenously　and　activated　by　laser　photodynamic　therapy,　demonstrates　a　durable　response,　with　a　marked　reduction　in　treatment　frequency　from　an　average　of　3.5　sessions　in　the　first　year　to　only　0.1　by　the　fifth　year　post-diagnosis.　Despite　these　advantages,　challenges　such　as　manufacturing　costs,　potential　toxicity,　and　limited　clinical　translation　persist.　Future　advancements　in　nanomedicine　hold　potential　for　personalized,　noninvasive　ocular　therapies,　revolutionizing　ophthalmology.