An　effective　cellulose/MoS2　(Ce/MoS2)　composite　was　synthesized　via　a　one-pot　microwave-assisted　ionic　liquid　method　for　the　photocatalytic　reduction　of　toxic　Cr(VI).　Effects　of　ionic　liquids　(ILs)　on　the　MoS2　nanostructure　were　considered,　and　the　obtained　composite　was　characterized　by　x-ray　diffraction　(XRD),　scanning　electron　microscopy　(SEM),　high-resolution　transmission　electron　microscopy　(HRTEM),　X-ray　photoelectron　spectrometry　(XPS),　and　electrochemical　impedance　spectroscopy　(EIS).　The　results　indicated　that　the　MoS2　nanoplates　were　anchored　and　dispersed　on　the　surface　of　the　cellulose.　Compared　with　the　pristine　MoS2,　the　support　of　the　cellulose　greatly　enhanced　the　photocatalytic　reduction　efficiency　of　Cr(VI)　ions　in　solution,　from　65.9%　to　nearly　100%.　The　reduction　mechanism　was　considered,　and　the　results　implied　that　the　simultaneous　reduction　of　Cr(VI)　during　the　initial　dark　adsorption　process　was　observed　due　to　the　effect　of　citric　acid　as　a　hole　scavenger.　Finally,　regeneration　tests　revealed　that　the　Ce/MoS2　composite　could　be　recycled　and　reused.