Spinal　cord　injury　(SCI)　often　results　in　irreversible　loss　of　sensory　and　motor　functions,　and　most　SCIs　are　incurable　with　current　medical　practice.　One　of　the　hardest　challenges　in　treating　SCI　is　the　development　of　a　dysfunctional　pathological　microenvironment,　which　mainly　comprises　excessive　inflammation,　deposition　of　inhibitory　molecules,　neurotrophic　factor　deprivation,　glial　scar　formation,　and　imbalance　of　vascular　function.　To　overcome　this　challenge,　implantation　of　functional　biomaterials　at　the　injury　site　has　been　regarded　as　a　potential　treatment　for　modulating　the　dysfunctional　microenvironment　to　support　axon　regeneration,　remyelination　at　injury　site,　and　functional　recovery　after　SCI.　This　review　summarizes　characteristics　of　dysfunctional　pathological　microenvironment　and　recent　advances　in　biomaterials　as　well　as　the　technologies　used　to　modulate　inflammatory　microenvironment,　regulate　inhibitory　microenvironment,　and　reshape　revascularization　microenvironment.　Moreover,　technological　limitations,　challenges,　and　future　prospects　of　functional　biomaterials　to　promote　efficient　repair　of　SCI　are　also　discussed.　This　review　will　aid　further　understanding　and　development　of　functional　biomaterials　to　regulate　pathological　SCI　microenvironment.