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author:

Xu, W. (Xu, W..) [1] | Zheng, J. (Zheng, J..) [2] | Cui, M. (Cui, M..) [3] | Lai, H. (Lai, H..) [4]

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Scopus

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in landfill soil poses a dual challenge of environmental toxicity and resource depletion. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) was systematically evaluated as a sustainable stabilization method for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) under both solution- and soil-phase conditions. Laboratory-scale experiments demonstrated that EICP achieved over 80% removal efficiency for Cd, Pb, and copper (Cu) in solution-phase systems, while soil-phase trials focused on Cd, Pb, and Cr to simulate realistic field conditions. Optimal performance was achieved using a 1:1 molar ratio of soybean-derived urease (1.0 U/mL) to CaCl2 (0.5 M), with Cd stabilization reaching 91.5%. Vacuum-assisted filtration improved treatment uniformity by 29.2% in clay soils. X-ray diffraction identified crystalline otavite in Cd systems, while Pb and Cu were stabilized via surface adsorption. Sequential extraction confirmed that over 70% of Cd was transformed into carbonate-bound phases. Treated soils met TCLP leaching standards and reuse criteria, maintaining neutral pH (7.2–8.1) and low salinity. Compared to cement-based methods, EICP avoids CO2 release from calcination and fossil fuel use. Carbon in urea is retained as solid CaCO3, reducing emissions by 0.3–0.5 t CO2-eq per ton of soil. These findings support EICP as a scalable, low-carbon alternative for landfill soil remediation. © 2025 by the authors.

Keyword:

biomineralization carbonate precipitation metal immobilization soil remediation urease

Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Xu W.]School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • [ 2 ] [Zheng J.]School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
  • [ 3 ] [Cui M.]College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
  • [ 4 ] [Lai H.]Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China

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Source :

Sustainability (Switzerland)

ISSN: 2071-1050

Year: 2025

Issue: 10

Volume: 17

2 . 5 9 2

JCR@2018

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ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

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Chinese Cited Count:

30 Days PV: 1

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