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author:

Xu, Wangqing (Xu, Wangqing.) [1] | Zheng, Junjie (Zheng, Junjie.) [2] | Cui, Mingjuan (Cui, Mingjuan.) [3] | Lai, Hanjiang (Lai, Hanjiang.) [4]

Indexed by:

SSCI Scopus SCIE

Abstract:

Heavy metal pollution in landfill soil poses a dual challenge of environmental toxicity and resource depletion. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) was systematically evaluated as a sustainable stabilization method for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) under both solution- and soil-phase conditions. Laboratory-scale experiments demonstrated that EICP achieved over 80% removal efficiency for Cd, Pb, and copper (Cu) in solution-phase systems, while soil-phase trials focused on Cd, Pb, and Cr to simulate realistic field conditions. Optimal performance was achieved using a 1:1 molar ratio of soybean-derived urease (1.0 U/mL) to CaCl2 (0.5 M), with Cd stabilization reaching 91.5%. Vacuum-assisted filtration improved treatment uniformity by 29.2% in clay soils. X-ray diffraction identified crystalline otavite in Cd systems, while Pb and Cu were stabilized via surface adsorption. Sequential extraction confirmed that over 70% of Cd was transformed into carbonate-bound phases. Treated soils met TCLP leaching standards and reuse criteria, maintaining neutral pH (7.2-8.1) and low salinity. Compared to cement-based methods, EICP avoids CO2 release from calcination and fossil fuel use. Carbon in urea is retained as solid CaCO3, reducing emissions by 0.3-0.5 t CO2-eq per ton of soil. These findings support EICP as a scalable, low-carbon alternative for landfill soil remediation.

Keyword:

biomineralization carbonate precipitation metal immobilization soil remediation urease

Community:

  • [ 1 ] [Xu, Wangqing]Hubei Univ Arts & Sci, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Xiangyang 441053, Peoples R China
  • [ 2 ] [Zheng, Junjie]Wuhan Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China
  • [ 3 ] [Cui, Mingjuan]Fuzhou Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Fuzhou 350108, Peoples R China
  • [ 4 ] [Lai, Hanjiang]Fuzhou Univ, Zijin Sch Geol & Min, Fuzhou 350108, Peoples R China

Reprint 's Address:

  • [Xu, Wangqing]Hubei Univ Arts & Sci, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Xiangyang 441053, Peoples R China;;[Lai, Hanjiang]Fuzhou Univ, Zijin Sch Geol & Min, Fuzhou 350108, Peoples R China

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Source :

SUSTAINABILITY

Year: 2025

Issue: 10

Volume: 17

3 . 3 0 0

JCR@2023

Cited Count:

WoS CC Cited Count:

SCOPUS Cited Count:

ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All

WanFang Cited Count:

Chinese Cited Count:

30 Days PV: 1

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